biblatex + biber + babel: configuration for polish language and style of bibliography (missing polish.sty)

Actually, at least for first levels quotes , the polish style is the same as croatian, which is defined in csquotes. For the remaining questions, a few patches to biblatex solve them (you need to load the xpatch package):

    \documentclass[a4paper,twoside,openright,polish]{report}
    \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
    \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
    \usepackage{lmodern}

    \usepackage{babel}
    \usepackage{csquotes}
    \DeclareQuoteAlias{croatian}{polish}
    \usepackage[%
    style=numeric, % numeric, alphabetic, authoryear, ect.
    sorting=nty,
    isbn=false,
    abbreviate = false,
    backend=biber,]{biblatex}
    \addbibresource{polbiblio.bib}

    \renewcommand*{\newunitpunct}{\addcomma\space}
    \renewbibmacro*{in:}{}

    \usepackage{xpatch}

    \xpatchbibdriver{book}{%
    \newunit
    \iffieldundef{maintitle}
    {\printfield{volume}%
    \printfield{part}}
    {}%
    }
    {%
    }{}{}

    \xpatchbibdriver{book}{%
    \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
    }
    {%
    \usebibmacro{publisher+location+date}%
    \newunit
    \printfield{volume}%
    \printfield{part}
    \usebibmacro{finentry}
    }{}{}

    \DeclareFieldFormat{journaltitle}{\mkbibquote{#1}}
    \DeclareFieldFormat[article,periodical]{number}{nr.  #1}% number of a journal

    \DeclareFieldFormat
    [article,inbook,incollection,inproceedings,patent,thesis,unpublished]
    {title}{\mkbibemph{#1}}
    %
    \renewbibmacro*{journal+issuetitle}{%
    \usebibmacro{journal}%
    \setunit*{\addspace}%
    \iffieldundef{series}
    {}
    {\newunit
    \printfield{series}%
    \setunit{\addspace}}%
    \usebibmacro{issue+date}%
    \setunit{\addspace}%
    \usebibmacro{issue}%
    \setunit{\addspace}%
    \usebibmacro{volume+number+eid}%
    \newunit}

    \renewbibmacro*{issue+date}{%
    \iffieldundef{issue}
    {\usebibmacro{date}}
    {\printfield{issue}%
    \setunit*{\addspace}%
    \usebibmacro{date}}%
    \newunit}

    \renewbibmacro*{publisher+location+date}{%
    \printlist{publisher}%
    \iflistundef{publisher}
    {\setunit*{\addcomma\space}}
    {\setunit*{\addcomma\space}}%
    \printlist{location}%
    \setunit*{\addspace}%
    \usebibmacro{date}%
    \newunit}

    \begin{document}

    \nocite{*}

    \printbibliography

    \end{document} 

Here is a way to define a Polish quote style for csquotes. I have based it on the code in csquotes.def for german, but with appropriate changes of quote symbols. As mentioned in my comment above Guidelines for customizing biblatex styles should help you to get started configuring the biblatex style and I won't address that here.

\documentclass[a4paper,twoside,openright]{report}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[polish]{babel}
\usepackage{polski}

\usepackage{csquotes}
\DeclareQuoteStyle[quotes]{polish}
  {\quotedblbase}
  {\textquotedblright}
  [0.05em]
  {\quotesinglbase}
  {\fixligatures\textquoteright}
\DeclareQuoteAlias[quotes]{polish}{polish}
\DeclareQuoteOption{polish}

\usepackage[
  style=numeric, % numeric, alphabetic, authoryear, ect.
  sorting=nty,
  isbn=false,
  backend=biber,]{biblatex}
\addbibresource{bibliography.bib}
\begin{document}

\enquote{Najstarsze zdanie w języku polskim \enquote{Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai} zapisano w 1270 roku\dots}

\nocite{*}

\printbibliography
\end{document}