How to Perform a TFS get to a supplied or current directory path, ignoring workspace settings

You'll need a workspace to do a get, but it need not be the same workspace that you're using for Visual Studio. In fact, you can just create a simple throwaway workspace, for example:

# {{Server}} is http://server:8080/tfs/DefaultCollection; for readability.

tf workspace /new temp_workspace /collection:{{server}} /noprompt
tf workfold /map $/Project/Project C:\Build\Project
tf get C:\Build\Project /recursive /noprompt
tf workspace /delete temp_workspace /collection:http{{server}} /noprompt

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Note that the TFS SDK does provide mechanisms to do a download of an Item without needing to create a workspace, so you could write a program to do this, but it would be a fair amount of code to avoid creating a workspace which is, ultimately, a fairly inexpensive operation.