Why does an `"[Errno 2] No such file or directory", "rc"` issue occur when Ansible is executed remotely?

The return from ansible is json. Pretty printed:

{
  "changed": false,
  "cmd": "rabbitmqctl list_vhosts",
  "failed": true,
  "msg": "[Errno 2] No such file or directory",
  "rc": 2
}

You'll note msg contains "[Errno 2] No such file or directory". Instead rc is the return (exit) code, '2' in your case, of the command rabbitmqctl list_vhosts.

In shell (bash/sh/whatever) run rabbitmqctl. You may not have rabbitmqctl installed. Or, as EEAA rightfully suggests, it is not in $PATH. On some distros (Debian/Ubuntu) /usr/sbin is not included in normal users' path, but it is included for root.