Why are true and false so large?
In the past, /bin/true and /bin/false in the shell were actually scripts.
For instance, in a PDP/11 Unix System 7:
$ ls -la /bin/true /bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 7 Jun 8 1979 /bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 0 Jun 8 1979 /bin/true
$
$ cat /bin/false
exit 1
$
$ cat /bin/true
$
Nowadays, at least in bash, the trueand false commands are implemented as shell built-in commands. Thus no executable binary files are invoked by default, both when using the false and true directives in the bash command line and inside shell scripts.
From the bashsource, builtins/mkbuiltins.c:
char *posix_builtins[] =
{
"alias", "bg", "cd", "command", "**false**", "fc", "fg", "getopts", "jobs",
"kill", "newgrp", "pwd", "read", "**true**", "umask", "unalias", "wait",
(char *)NULL
};
Also per @meuh comments:
$ command -V true false
true is a shell builtin
false is a shell builtin
So it can be said with a high degree of certainty the trueand false executable files exist mainly for being called from other programs.
From now on, the answer will focus on the /bin/true binary from the coreutilspackage in Debian 9 / 64 bits. (/usr/bin/true running RedHat. RedHat and Debian use both the coreutils package, analysed the compiled version of the latter having it more at hand).
As it can be seen in the source file false.c, /bin/false is compiled with (almost) the same source code as /bin/true, just returning EXIT_FAILURE (1) instead, so this answer can be applied for both binaries.
#define EXIT_STATUS EXIT_FAILURE
#include "true.c"
As it also can be confirmed by both executables having the same size:
$ ls -l /bin/true /bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31464 Feb 22 2017 /bin/false
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 31464 Feb 22 2017 /bin/true
Alas, the direct question to the answer why are true and false so large? could be, because there are not anymore so pressing reasons to care about their top performance. They are not essential to bash performance, not being used anymore by bash (scripting).
Similar comments apply to their size, 26KB for the kind of hardware we have nowadays is insignificant. Space is not at premium for the typical server/desktop anymore, and they do not even bother anymore to use the same binary for false and true, as it is just deployed twice in distributions using coreutils.
Focusing, however, in the real spirit of the question, why something that should be so simple and small, gets so large?
The real distribution of the sections of /bin/true is as these charts shows; the main code+data amounts to roughly 3KB out of a 26KB binary, which amounts to 12% of the size of /bin/true.
The true utility got indeed more cruft code over the years, most notably the standard support for --version and --help.
However, that it is not the (only) main justification for it being so big, but rather, while being dynamically linked (using shared libs), also having part of a generic library commonly used by coreutils binaries linked as a static library. The metada for building an elf executable file also amounts for a significant part of the binary, being it a relatively small file by today´s standards.
The rest of the answer is for explaining how we got to build the following charts detailing the composition of the /bin/true executable binary file and how we arrived to that conclusion.
As @Maks says, the binary was compiled from C; as per my comment also, it is also confirmed it is from coreutils. We are pointing directly to the author(s) git https://github.com/wertarbyte/coreutils/blob/master/src/true.c, instead of the gnu git as @Maks (same sources, different repositories - this repository was selected as it has the full source of the coreutils libraries)
We can see the various building blocks of the /bin/truebinary here (Debian 9 - 64 bits from coreutils):
$ file /bin/true
/bin/true: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=9ae82394864538fa7b23b7f87b259ea2a20889c4, stripped
$ size /bin/true
text data bss dec hex filename
24583 1160 416 26159 662f true
Of those:
- text (usually code) is around 24KB
- data (initialised variables, mostly strings) are around 1KB
- bss (uninitialized data) 0.5KB
Of the 24KB, around 1KB is for fixing up the 58 external functions.
That still leaves around roughly 23KB for rest of the code. We will show down bellow that the actual main file - main()+usage() code is around 1KB compiled, and explain what the other 22KB are used for.
Drilling further down the binary with readelf -S true, we can see that while the binary is 26159 bytes, the actual compiled code is 13017 bytes, and the rest is assorted data/initialisation code.
However, true.c is not the whole story and 13KB seems pretty much excessive if it were only that file; we can see functions called in main() that are not listed in the external functions seen in the elf with objdump -T true ; functions that are present at:
- https://github.com/coreutils/gnulib/blob/master/lib/progname.c
- https://github.com/coreutils/gnulib/blob/master/lib/closeout.c
- https://github.com/coreutils/gnulib/blob/master/lib/version-etc.c
Those extra functions not linked externally in main() are:
- set_program_name()
- close_stdout()
- version_etc()
So my first suspicion was partly correct, whilst the library is using dynamic libraries, the /bin/true binary is big *because it has some static libraries included with it* (but that is not the only cause).
Compiling C code is not usually that inefficient for having such space unaccounted for, hence my initial suspicion something was amiss.
The extra space, almost 90% of the size of the binary, is indeed extra libraries/elf metadata.
While using Hopper for disassembling/decompiling the binary to understand where functions are, it can be seen the compiled binary code of true.c/usage() function is actually 833 bytes, and of the true.c/main() function is 225 bytes, which is roughly slightly less than 1KB. The logic for version functions, which is buried in the static libraries, is around 1KB.
The actual compiled main()+usage()+version()+strings+vars are only using up around 3KB to 3.5KB.
It is indeed ironic, such small and humble utilities have became bigger in size for the reasons explained above.
related question: Understanding what a Linux binary is doing
true.c main() with the offending function calls:
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
/* Recognize --help or --version only if it's the only command-line
argument. */
if (argc == 2)
{
initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
set_program_name (argv[0]); <-----------
setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
textdomain (PACKAGE);
atexit (close_stdout); <-----
if (STREQ (argv[1], "--help"))
usage (EXIT_STATUS);
if (STREQ (argv[1], "--version"))
version_etc (stdout, PROGRAM_NAME, PACKAGE_NAME, Version, AUTHORS, <------
(char *) NULL);
}
exit (EXIT_STATUS);
}
The decimal size of the various sections of the binary:
$ size -A -t true
true :
section size addr
.interp 28 568
.note.ABI-tag 32 596
.note.gnu.build-id 36 628
.gnu.hash 60 664
.dynsym 1416 728
.dynstr 676 2144
.gnu.version 118 2820
.gnu.version_r 96 2944
.rela.dyn 624 3040
.rela.plt 1104 3664
.init 23 4768
.plt 752 4800
.plt.got 8 5552
.text 13017 5568
.fini 9 18588
.rodata 3104 18624
.eh_frame_hdr 572 21728
.eh_frame 2908 22304
.init_array 8 2125160
.fini_array 8 2125168
.jcr 8 2125176
.data.rel.ro 88 2125184
.dynamic 480 2125272
.got 48 2125752
.got.plt 392 2125824
.data 128 2126240
.bss 416 2126368
.gnu_debuglink 52 0
Total 26211
Output of readelf -S true
$ readelf -S true
There are 30 section headers, starting at offset 0x7368:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Offset
Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 00000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0 0
[ 1] .interp PROGBITS 0000000000000238 00000238
000000000000001c 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 2] .note.ABI-tag NOTE 0000000000000254 00000254
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 3] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE 0000000000000274 00000274
0000000000000024 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[ 4] .gnu.hash GNU_HASH 0000000000000298 00000298
000000000000003c 0000000000000000 A 5 0 8
[ 5] .dynsym DYNSYM 00000000000002d8 000002d8
0000000000000588 0000000000000018 A 6 1 8
[ 6] .dynstr STRTAB 0000000000000860 00000860
00000000000002a4 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 7] .gnu.version VERSYM 0000000000000b04 00000b04
0000000000000076 0000000000000002 A 5 0 2
[ 8] .gnu.version_r VERNEED 0000000000000b80 00000b80
0000000000000060 0000000000000000 A 6 1 8
[ 9] .rela.dyn RELA 0000000000000be0 00000be0
0000000000000270 0000000000000018 A 5 0 8
[10] .rela.plt RELA 0000000000000e50 00000e50
0000000000000450 0000000000000018 AI 5 25 8
[11] .init PROGBITS 00000000000012a0 000012a0
0000000000000017 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[12] .plt PROGBITS 00000000000012c0 000012c0
00000000000002f0 0000000000000010 AX 0 0 16
[13] .plt.got PROGBITS 00000000000015b0 000015b0
0000000000000008 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 8
[14] .text PROGBITS 00000000000015c0 000015c0
00000000000032d9 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 16
[15] .fini PROGBITS 000000000000489c 0000489c
0000000000000009 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 4
[16] .rodata PROGBITS 00000000000048c0 000048c0
0000000000000c20 0000000000000000 A 0 0 32
[17] .eh_frame_hdr PROGBITS 00000000000054e0 000054e0
000000000000023c 0000000000000000 A 0 0 4
[18] .eh_frame PROGBITS 0000000000005720 00005720
0000000000000b5c 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[19] .init_array INIT_ARRAY 0000000000206d68 00006d68
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[20] .fini_array FINI_ARRAY 0000000000206d70 00006d70
0000000000000008 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[21] .jcr PROGBITS 0000000000206d78 00006d78
0000000000000008 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 8
[22] .data.rel.ro PROGBITS 0000000000206d80 00006d80
0000000000000058 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 32
[23] .dynamic DYNAMIC 0000000000206dd8 00006dd8
00000000000001e0 0000000000000010 WA 6 0 8
[24] .got PROGBITS 0000000000206fb8 00006fb8
0000000000000030 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[25] .got.plt PROGBITS 0000000000207000 00007000
0000000000000188 0000000000000008 WA 0 0 8
[26] .data PROGBITS 00000000002071a0 000071a0
0000000000000080 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 32
[27] .bss NOBITS 0000000000207220 00007220
00000000000001a0 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 32
[28] .gnu_debuglink PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00007220
0000000000000034 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[29] .shstrtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00007254
000000000000010f 0000000000000000 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
l (large), p (processor specific)
Output of objdump -T true (external functions dynamically linked on run-time)
$ objdump -T true
true: file format elf64-x86-64
DYNAMIC SYMBOL TABLE:
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __uflow
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 getenv
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 free
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 abort
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __errno_location
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 strncmp
0000000000000000 w D *UND* 0000000000000000 _ITM_deregisterTMCloneTable
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 _exit
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __fpending
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 textdomain
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fclose
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 bindtextdomain
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 dcgettext
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __ctype_get_mb_cur_max
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 strlen
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.4 __stack_chk_fail
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 mbrtowc
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 strrchr
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 lseek
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 memset
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fscanf
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 close
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __libc_start_main
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 memcmp
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fputs_unlocked
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 calloc
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 strcmp
0000000000000000 w D *UND* 0000000000000000 __gmon_start__
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.14 memcpy
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fileno
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 malloc
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fflush
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 nl_langinfo
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 ungetc
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __freading
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 realloc
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fdopen
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 setlocale
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.3.4 __printf_chk
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 error
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 open
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fseeko
0000000000000000 w D *UND* 0000000000000000 _Jv_RegisterClasses
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __cxa_atexit
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 exit
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 fwrite
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.3.4 __fprintf_chk
0000000000000000 w D *UND* 0000000000000000 _ITM_registerTMCloneTable
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 mbsinit
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 iswprint
0000000000000000 w DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.2.5 __cxa_finalize
0000000000000000 DF *UND* 0000000000000000 GLIBC_2.3 __ctype_b_loc
0000000000207228 g DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 stdout
0000000000207220 g DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 __progname
0000000000207230 w DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 program_invocation_name
0000000000207230 g DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 __progname_full
0000000000207220 w DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 program_invocation_short_name
0000000000207240 g DO .bss 0000000000000008 GLIBC_2.2.5 stderr
The implementation probably comes from GNU coreutils. These binaries are compiled from C; no particular effort has been made to make them smaller than they are by default.
You could try to compile the trivial implementation of true yourself, and you'll notice it's already few KB in size. For example, on my system:
$ echo 'int main() { return 0; }' | gcc -xc - -o true
$ wc -c true
8136 true
Of course, your binaries are even bigger. That's because they also support command line arguments. Try running /usr/bin/true --help or /usr/bin/true --version.
In addition to the string data, the binary includes logic to parse command line flags, etc. That adds up to about 20 KB of code, apparently.
For reference, you can find the source code here: http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/coreutils.git/tree/src/true.c
Stripping them down to core functionality and writing in assembler yields far smaller binaries.
Original true/false binaries are written in C, which by its nature pulls in various library + symbol references. If you run readelf -a /bin/true this is quite noticeable.
352 bytes for a stripped ELF static executable (with room to save a couple bytes by optimizing the asm for code-size).
$ more true.asm false.asm
::::::::::::::
true.asm
::::::::::::::
global _start
_start:
mov ebx,0
mov eax,1 ; SYS_exit from asm/unistd_32.h
int 0x80 ; The 32-bit ABI is supported in 64-bit code, in kernels compiled with IA-32 emulation
::::::::::::::
false.asm
::::::::::::::
global _start
_start:
mov ebx,1
mov eax,1
int 0x80
$ nasm -f elf64 true.asm && ld -s -o true true.o # -s means strip
$ nasm -f elf64 false.asm && ld -s -o false false.o
$ ll true false
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 steve steve 352 Jan 25 16:03 false
-rwxrwxr-x. 1 steve steve 352 Jan 25 16:03 true
$ ./true ; echo $?
0
$ ./false ; echo $?
1
$
Or, with a bit of a nasty/ingenious approach (kudos to stalkr), create your own ELF headers, getting it down to 132 127 bytes. We're entering Code Golf territory here.
$ cat true2.asm
BITS 64
org 0x400000 ; _start is at 0x400080 as usual, but the ELF headers come first
ehdr: ; Elf64_Ehdr
db 0x7f, "ELF", 2, 1, 1, 0 ; e_ident
times 8 db 0
dw 2 ; e_type
dw 0x3e ; e_machine
dd 1 ; e_version
dq _start ; e_entry
dq phdr - $$ ; e_phoff
dq 0 ; e_shoff
dd 0 ; e_flags
dw ehdrsize ; e_ehsize
dw phdrsize ; e_phentsize
dw 1 ; e_phnum
dw 0 ; e_shentsize
dw 0 ; e_shnum
dw 0 ; e_shstrndx
ehdrsize equ $ - ehdr
phdr: ; Elf64_Phdr
dd 1 ; p_type
dd 5 ; p_flags
dq 0 ; p_offset
dq $$ ; p_vaddr
dq $$ ; p_paddr
dq filesize ; p_filesz
dq filesize ; p_memsz
dq 0x1000 ; p_align
phdrsize equ $ - phdr
_start:
xor edi,edi ; int status = 0
; or mov dil,1 for false: high bytes are ignored.
lea eax, [rdi+60] ; rax = 60 = SYS_exit, using a 3-byte instruction: base+disp8 addressing mode
syscall ; native 64-bit system call, works without CONFIG_IA32_EMULATION
; less-golfed version:
; mov edi, 1 ; for false
; mov eax,252 ; SYS_exit_group from asm/unistd_64.h
; syscall
filesize equ $ - $$ ; used earlier in some ELF header fields
$ nasm -f bin -o true2 true2.asm
$ ll true2
-rw-r--r-- 1 peter peter 127 Jan 28 20:08 true2
$ chmod +x true2 ; ./true2 ; echo $?
0
$