What is the frequency of this note?

Japt, 41 37 35 34 bytes

I finally have a chance to put ¾ to good use! :-)

55*2pU¬®-1¾ª"C#D EF G A B"bZ /C} x

Try it online!

How it works

          // Implicit: U = input string, C = 12
U¨    }  // Take U, split into chars, and map each item Z by this function:
-1¾       //  Subtract 1.75 from Z. This produces NaN for non-digits.
ª"..."bZ  //  If the result is falsy (NaN), instead return the index of Z in this string.
          //  C produces 0, D -> 2, E -> 4, F -> 5, G -> 7, A -> 9, B -> 11.
          //  # -> 1, and b -> -1, so we don't need to calculate them separately.
/C        //  Divide the index by 12.
x         // Sum.
2p        // Take 2 to the power of the result.
55*       // Multiply by 55.

Test cases

All the valid test cases come through fine. It's the invalid ones where it gets weird...

input --> output       (program's reasoning)
A0  --> 27.5           (Yep, I can do that for you!)
C4  --> 261.625565...  (Yep, I can do that for you!)
F#3 --> 184.997211...  (Yep, I can do that for you!)
Bb6 --> 1864.6550...   (Yep, I can do that for you!)
A#6 --> 1864.6550...   (Yep, I can do that for you!)
A4  --> 440            (Yep, I can do that for you!)
D9  --> 9397.27257...  (Who says that's too high?)
G0  --> 24.49971...    (I've heard that note before.)
Fb5 --> 659.25511...   (Wait, Fb isn't supposed to be a note?)
E   --> 69.295657...   (I'm gonna guess that the missing octave is 1¾.)
b2  --> 61.735412...   (I assume that b means Cb...)
H#4 --> 261.625565...  (H# is C!)

Pyth, 46 44 43 42 39 35 bytes

*55^2tsm.xsdc-x"C D EF GbA#B"d9 12z

Try it online. Test suite.

The code now uses a similar algorithm to ETHproductions's Japt answer, so credit to him for that.

Explanation

                                            implicit: z = input
       m                          z         for each character in input:
          sd                                  try parsing as number
        .x                                    if that fails:
               "C D EF GbA#B"                   string "C D EF GbA#B"
              x              d                  find index of character in that
             -                9                 subtract 9
            c                   12              divide by 12
      s                                     sum results
     t                                      decrement
   ^2                                       get the correct power of 2
*55                                         multiply by 55 (frequency of A1)

Old version (42 bytes, 39 w/ packed string)

*55^2+tsezc+-x"C D EF G A B"hz9-}\#z}\bz12

Explanation

<pre>
                                         implicit: z = input
                                     GET OFFSET BY NOTE:
              ."…"                       string "C@D@EF@G@A@B" packed
             x    hz                     get index of first char in input
            -       9                    subtract 9
                                     PARSE #/b:
           +          }\#z               add 1 if input contains "#"
                     -    }\bz           subtract 1 if input contains "b"
                                     CONVERT OFFSET TO OCTAVES:
          c                   12         divide by 12
                                     FIND OCTAVE IN INPUT:
        ez                               last char of input
       s                                 convert to number
                                     GET FINAL RESULT:
      t                                  decrement the octave
     +                                   add the octave and the note offset
   ^2                                    get the correct power of 2
*55                                      multiply by 55 (frequency of A1)
</pre>

Mathematica, 77 bytes

2^((Import[".mid"~Export~Sound@SoundNote@#,"RawData"][[1,3,3,1]]-69)/12)440.&

Explanation:

The main idea of this function is to convert the string of note to its relative pitch, and then calculate its frequency.

The method I use is export the sound to midi and import the raw data, but I suspect that there is a more elegant way.

Test cases:

f=%; (* assign the function above to f *)
f["A4"]    (* 440.    *)
f["A5"]    (* 880.    *)
f["C#-1"]  (* 8.66196 *)
f["Fb4"]   (* 329.628 *)
f["E4"]    (* 329.628 *)
f["E"]     (* 329.628 *)