What is the difference between "if x == True" and "if x:"

The == operator doesn't compare the truthiness of its operands, it compares their values.

When boolean values are used in a context that requires numbers, such as when comparing them with numbers, they get converted automatically: True becomes 1, False becomes 0.

So

if some_boolean == some_number:

is effectively equivalent to:

if int(some_boolean) == some_number:

This is why

if True == 2:

does not succeed. int(True) is 1, so this is equivalent to

if 1 == 2:

equivalent ways to look at the problem:

"if x" <==> "if bool(x)"

since your x is an integer:

"if x" <==> "if x != 0"

and

"if x == True"  <==> "if x == 1"

The difference is that if x: checks the truth value of x. The truth value of all integers except 0 is true (in this case, the 2).

if x == True:, however, compares x to the value of True, which is a kind of 1. Comparing 2 == 1 results in a false value.

To be exact, there are two adjacent concepts: * the one is the "truth value", which determines the behaviour of if, while etc. * the other are the values True and False, which have the respective truth values "true" and "false", but are not necessary equal ot other true resp. false values.

If you absolutely need to check for the exact values of True and False for whatever reason, you can do so with if x is True or if x is False. This ensures that if y is exactly True will pass the test, if it is 1, it won't.