What is the difference between declaration and definition in Java?

From the Sun glossary's definitions:

declaration: A statement that establishes an identifier and associates attributes with it, without necessarily reserving its storage (for data) or providing the implementation (for methods).

definition: A declaration that reserves storage (for data) or provides implementation (for methods).

The way I read the Sun glossary would be like this:

List i;              // declaration - variable on the stack  
i = new ArrayList(); // definition - gives variable a reference

1. Declaration means creating a primitive or Object reference variable, but with no assignment of value or object respectively..

eg:

          int x;   // declaration of x of type int

          Cat myCat;  //  declaration of myCat an Object of type Cat

2. Defination is when we assign values or Object to them.

         int x = 5;

         Cat myCat = new Cat();

3. In case of Method, its like this...

public abstract void go();       // Method Declaration (Abstract method)

   public void go(){               // Method Defination

            // Your code      

    }

The Java Language Specification specifies and uses the term "declaration" extensively, but it does not use "definition" except as a normal English word.

My evidence is that the term "declaration" appears a number of times in the JLS table of contents and in the index. By contrast, the word "definition" does not appear in either the table of contents or the index.

So, when you see someone use the word "definition" in the context of Java, they are either using it in the non-technical sense, or they are being sloppy with their terminology.

In the latter case, they might mean the same thing as the technical term "declaration", or they might mean something else. And if they mean something else, you need to ask them what they mean. If they have defined it ... fair enough, but it is not standard terminology.

The answers that state that "definition" refers to the point at which the variable is initialized are specifically not supported by the Java Language Specification. In Java, initialization of a variable either happens at the point of declaration, or in a later assignment. In the latter case, no special term is used ... or needed ... apart from assignment and / or initialization. There is no specified point at which storage is allocated for the variable. Indeed, the chances are that the space for the variable itself is allocated before the declaration is reached.

The reason that the "definition" term is not used in Java in the JLS spec is that it is not needed.

  • Since Java allows members to be declared in any order, there is no need for "forward declarations". That is the context where there it is necessary to distinguish between the two concepts.
  • In Java the stack space required for a variable is a compile time constant, so the stack offset calculations happen at compile time. (Remember that in Java, an array is a reference to a heap object ... and only the reference is held in the stack frame.)
  • The way that Java handles "definition without initialization" of a field or variable does not require a single "declaration" point. If an initialization of a variable is required, it may happen at multiple points in the source code.

(The only place in Java where they might have used declaration versus definition is in abstract methods. Except that if they had done, the would have had to refer to a regular method declaration as a definition ... for consistency ... and that would be confusing. So they just call the "abstract" subcase an declaration of an abstract method.)

C and C++ handle these things differently, and hence do need distinct "declaration" and "definition" terms in their technical descriptions. My take on the "Sun Glossary" definitions are that they are C / C++ -centric.


The conceptual difference is simple:

  • Declaration: You are declaring that something exists, such as a class, function or variable. You don't say anything about what that class or function looks like, you just say that it exists.

  • Definition: You define how something is implemented, such as a class, function or variable, i.e. you say what it actually is.

In Java, there is little difference between the two, and formally speaking, a declaration includes not only the identifier, but also it's definition. Here is how I personally interpret the terms in detail:

  • Classes: Java doesn't really separate declarations and definitions as C++ does (in header and cpp files). You define them at the point where you declare them.

  • Functions: When you're writing an interface (or an abstract class), you could say that you're declaring a function, without defining it. Ordinary functions however, are always defined right where they are declared. See the body of the function as its definition if you like.

  • Variables: A variable declaration could look like this:

      int x;

(you're declaring that a variable x exists and has type int) either if it's a local variable or member field. In Java, there's no information left about x to define, except possible what values it shall hold, which is determined by the assignments to it.

Here's a rough summary of how I use the terms:

abstract class SomeClass {                // class decl.
                                          //                           \
    int x;                                // variable decl.            |
                                          //                           |
    public abstract void someMethod();    // function decl.            |
                                          //                           |
    public int someOtherMethod() {        // function decl.            |
                                          //                           | class
        if (Math.random() > .5)           // \                         | def.
            return x;                     //  |  function definition   |
        else                              //  |                        |
            return -x;                    // /                         |
                                          //                           |
    }                                     //                           |
}                                         //                          /

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Java

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