What is the data type for barcodes?

Try to pick the most appropriate data type. If you're using actual product barcodes, a little research indicates that they're likely International Article Numbers.

Since they're really strings of 13 digits, a char(13) would probably be the most appropriate data type to store this data. Don't just default to varchar(50) because that's "big enough" - think of the length specification as free validation.

This is called E notation which is a variation of scientific notation. The number in question is an integer, but is abbreviated.

5.06 * 10^12 = 5060190000000

Thus, your value should be stored as an integer large enough to store your number.

Your value should be stored as a varchar long enough to fit the length of potential values.