What is the advantage of using try {} catch {} versus if {} else {}
The advantage of try/catch, and exceptions in general, is more for the people developing libraries like PDO. They allow a system developer to handle undefined situations or unexpected results in a quick and easy way. Take a database connection. What should a system do if the database can't be reached. Should it halt execution? Try again? Throw a warning and continue? The system developer can't know what you'll need it to do, they they throw an exception, which you'll later catch and handle.
The advantage for you, as a consumer of the system is rather than getting some vague error code back, or a simple boolean false that it failed, you get an Exception object which will
Be named in such a way that it's more obvious what went wrong (If I remember right, PDO only has one Exception type, but other systems contain multiple exception types for different kinds of errors)
May/should contain methods and properties which can help you figure out why the exception was thrown
That's the theory anyway. There are lots of smart people who claim Exceptions are the way to go. There are also lots of smart people who think Exceptions are the devil, and a crutch for lazy system developers. There is nothing resembling consensus on this issue.
In general, try-catch blocks are great because they will break (move to the catch statement) whenever the exception occurs. If-else blocks rely on you predicting when the error will happen.
Edit: Also, catch blocks won't stop your code from halting when an error is hit.
@Perchik:
My general philosophy of error handling:
You should use if / else to handle all cases you expect. You should not use try {} catch {} to handle everything (in most cases) because a useful Exception could be raised and you can learn about the presence of a bug from it. You should use try {} catch {} in situations where you suspect something can/will go wrong and you don't want it to bring down the whole system, like network timeout/file system access problems, files doesn't exist, etc.
Vexing exceptions
I'd use the try/catch block when the normal path through the code should proceed without error unless there are truly some exceptional conditions -- like the server being down, your credentials being expired or incorrect. I wouldn't necessarily use it to handle non-exceptional errors -- say like the current user not being in the correct role. That is, when you can reasonably expect and handle an error that is not an exceptional condition, I think you should do your checks.
In the case that you've described -- setting up and performing a query, a try/catch block is an excellent way to handle it as you normally expect the query to succeed. On the other hand, you'll probably want to check that the contents of result are what you expect with control flow logic rather than just attempting to use data that may not be valid for your purpose.
One thing that you want to look out for is sloppy use of try/catch. Try/catch shouldn't be used to protect yourself from bad programming -- the "I don't know what will happen if I do this so I'm going to wrap it in a try/catch and hope for the best" kind of programming. Typically you'll want to restrict the kinds of exceptions you catch to those that are not related to the code itself (server down, bad credentials, etc.) so that you can find and fix errors that are code related (null pointers, etc.).