USB boot install Linux not recognizing disk space

I was able to solve this with the help of a colleague, finally. It took several steps in BIOS:

1. Disable Secure Boot.
2. Set SATA-controller to AHCI from RAID On.
3. Set boot mode to legacy from UEFI.

I wasn't able to figure out exactly what was wrong, but the installer seems to have installed the OS in a drive that UEFI did not auto-detect, but legacy boot mode did.

Your bootloader/EFI partition is on /dev/sda while the computer is most likely looking for it on /dev/nvme0. (I have had a laptop that was hard-coded to boot from the internal SSD before)

You need to move or create it onto the nvme device to get it to boot properly.

A reinstallation, where you select manual partitioning, would be the easiest way.

This article has information on how the EFI partition should be for it to work properly.