Turn this array into a matrix

Jelly, 11 bytes

WẋLŒDUṙLFsL

Try it online!

Explanation

               Input: array z
WẋL            length(z) copies of z
   ŒD          Diagonals (starting with main diagonal)
     U         Reverse each
      ṙL       Rotate left length(z) places
               (now the top-left diagonal is in front)
        F      Flatten
         sL    Split into chunks of size length(z)

Python 2, 105 96 bytes

-1 and -4 and -4 bytes thanks to Flp.Tkc

a=input()
n=len(a)
L,M=[],[]
for i in range(n):L+=a[i::-1];M+=a[:i:-1]
print zip(*[iter(L+M)]*n)

The for loop adds the items like in the description, the real magic happens in the zip which is from here

JavaScript (ES6) 100 101 105

a=>eval("for(u=r=[],i=l=a.length;i+l;i--)for(j=l;j--;v&&((u%=l)||r.push(s=[]),s[u++]=v))v=a[j-i];r")

Less golfed

a => {
  u = 0
  for(r=[], i=l=a.length; i+l>0; i--)
    for(j=l; j--; )
    {
      v = a[j-i]
      if (v) 
      {
        u %= l
        if (u==0) r.push(s=[])
        s[u++] = v
      }
    }
  return r
}

Test

F=
a=>eval("for(u=r=[],i=l=a.length;i+l;i--)for(j=l;j--;v&&((u%=l)||r.push(s=[]),s[u++]=v))v=a[j-i];r")

function update() {
  var a=I.value.match(/\d+/g)
  if (a) {
    var r=F(a)
    O.textContent = r.join`\n`
  }
}

update()

<input id=I value='1 2 3 4 5' oninput='update()'>
<pre id=O></pre>