Total number of files on an NTFS volume?
If you just want an upper bound (approximation):
Type in fsutil fsinfo ntfsinfo C: in the command prompt, read the Mft Valid Data Length value, and divide it by 1024.
Note that this number is roughly the "high water mark" for the number of files and folders that the given filesystem has had to keep track of. As an example, if you filled your drive with 2 million tiny temp files, then subsequently deleted them, Mft Valid Data Length won't shrink, and the value will be bigger than the actual value by about 2 million.
If you need an exact value, there are faster ways but you'd need to program something (I don't know of any programs out there that precisely do this)... you'd need to read the $MFT file and parse it by hand, then figure out which ones are file entries and which ones are non-file entries... it's dramatically faster than Windows's "top-down" approach (because building the hierarchy bottom-up uses only the MFT and nothing else), but it's in no way easy.
If you're a programmer but you want a less painful (although slower) way, you could also just write a program that calls NtQueryDirectoryFile to traverse the folders instead of the default FindFirstFile/FindNextFile functions... it can be a lot faster but a bit more tricky.
Just be aware that the notion of a "file" itself is actually quite tricky. It's quite possible (and Windows even does this by default) to have multiple hardlinks to the same file, and both of them are just as "real" as any other file... do you count them once or twice?
Or you can have junctions or symbolic links that point to other places... should those be counted or no?
It's not a clear-cut process as it might seem at first, so be aware of that.
Hope that helped..
Edit
You could run
robocopy /L /E C:\ C:\Temp > "%Temp%\Temp.log"
and then inspect the "Files" statistic that's shown. :P
At the DOS prompt, type the following command:
- dir \ /s /a /w
(The "/s" switch enables a recursive search on all sub-directories {with most Unix utilities this is usually the "-R" switch}, the "/a" switch counts all files regardless of Attributes, and the "/w" displays multiple entries on a single line so that the report will finish a little bit faster. Change "\" to the desired path you wish to begin from; for a different drive letter, such as drive D:, change it to "D:\" to search that drive.)
Once finished, you'll be returned the prompt, and then the last two lines of output will reveal a count of the total number of files and total number of directories. If you're looking for total number of filename entries, then just add those two number together, otherwise the total number of files is all you'll need.
The simple answer is; download Everything. It counts for you, super fast. Also does ~realtime searches for you. It is freeware and does not contain any extra crapola.