The seed entity for entity type 'X' cannot be added because the was no value provided for the required property "..ID"

The exception is little bit misleading. There must be some mechanism inside, that tests required properties so they must be different to a default values.

The only change I had to do was specifying TenantID != 0.

modelBuilder.Entity<Tenant>().HasData(new []{ 
   new Tenant {
      TenantID = 1, // Must be != 0
      Name = "SystemTenant",
   }
});

I have created little "hack" to bypass 0 PK value restriction after I reverse engineering the EF Core code and I found this line of code. Related to @Tomino answer. Here is my snipped extension code:

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Internal;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Metadata.Internal;

namespace EntityFrameworkCore.CustomMigration
{
    public static class CustomModelBuilder
    {
        public static bool IsSignedInteger(this Type type)
           => type == typeof(int)
              || type == typeof(long)
              || type == typeof(short)
              || type == typeof(sbyte);

        public static void Seed<T>(this ModelBuilder modelBuilder, IEnumerable<T> data) where T : class
        {
            var entnty = modelBuilder.Entity<T>();

            var pk = entnty.Metadata
                .GetProperties()
                .FirstOrDefault(property => 
                    property.RequiresValueGenerator() 
                    && property.IsPrimaryKey()
                    && property.ClrType.IsSignedInteger()
                    && property.ClrType.IsDefaultValue(0)
                );
            if (pk != null)
            {
                entnty.Property(pk.Name).ValueGeneratedNever();
                entnty.HasData(data);
                entnty.Property(pk.Name).UseSqlServerIdentityColumn();
            }
            else
            {
                entnty.HasData(data);
            }          
        }
    }
}

And you can use it like this in OnModelCreating method:

protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder builder)
{
    base.OnModelCreating(builder);

    builder.Seed(new List<Tenant> {
        new Tenant() {TenantID = 0 , Name = string.Empty},
        new Tenant() {TenantID = 1 , Name = "test"}
        //....
        );

    //....
}