The 'ProviderPackage' package did not load correctly

This is Aaron's (Aaron Reed) answer from above, just copied as an answer instead of part of the question:

Fixed it... Fixed it... Fixed it...

1. Opened Programs and Features (run: appwiz.cpl)
2. Sorted list of installed apps by: Install Date
3. Filtered list by adding "SQL" to the upper right search filter
4. List item

I installed VS2012 on 4/1/13, so I went through each listed SQL item in the list, and right click --> Repair

From there I ran VS2012 and opened the target Solution file without issue.

My list:

• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Data-Tier App Framework
• Microsoft SQL Server Data Tools - enu (11.1.20627.00)
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Management Objects (x64)
• Microsoft System CLR Types for SQL Server 2012 (x64)
• Microsoft System CLR Types for SQL Server 2012
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Management Objects
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Transact-SQL Compiler Service
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Command Line Utilities
• Microsoft SQL Server Data Tools Build Utilities - enu (11.1.206...
• Microsoft SQL Server Compact 4.0 SP1 x64 ENU
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 T-SQL Language Service
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Native Client
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Data-Tier App Framework
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Express LocalDB
• Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Transact-SQL SpriptDom

This worked for me -

In order to fix the issue one needs to clear the Visual Studio cache under:

%LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\11.0\ComponentModelCache

Thanks go to blog post SetSite failed for package [Microsoft.VisualStudio.Editor.Implementation.EditorPackage].

Usually this can be fixed by clearing the Visual Studio cache under:

Visual Studio 2012: %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\11.0\ComponentModelCache

Visual Studio 2013: %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\12.0\ComponentModelCache

• Close Visual Studio.
• Open a Developer Command Prompt for Visual Studio 2012 (as administrator).
• Type devenv /setup.
• Restart Visual Studio.

Possible duplicate of Visual Studio 2012 error: Package 'Visual C++ package' failed to load

See Visual C++ package: failed to load?????