The MD5 hash value is different from Bash and PHP

@Cyrus's answer is exactly on point with how to resolve this - to explain, when using echo it will output a newline at the end of the string. As you can see on this online output, hello with a newline outputs exactly the MD5 you were getting previously. Using -n suppresses the newline, and will then give you the result you expected.

Edit:

You can see it clearly if you output it to hexdump, which shows the hexadecimal of the bytes there.

$ echo "str_example" | hd
00000000  73 74 72 5f 65 78 61 6d  70 6c 65 0a              |str_example.|

See the 0a (\n) in the end of the string

$ echo -n "str_example" | hd
00000000  73 74 72 5f 65 78 61 6d  70 6c 65                 |str_example|

With -n echo doesn't put a new line (\n) in the end

Now with a empty string

$ echo  "" | hd
00000000  0a                                                |.|

Just the New Line character

$ echo -n  "" | hd

Empty string, so hexdump shows no output

By default, echo includes a newline character at the end of the output. However, PHP and the online sites you used do not include the newline. To suppress the newline character, use the -n flag:

echo -n "hello" | md5sum

Output:

5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592  -

See: help echo

---

or with printf:

printf "%s" "hello" | md5sum