TextInputLayout throws "The style on this component requires your app theme to be Theme.AppCompat (or a descendant)."

As @MikeM. commented on the question there is an issue with the context used to instantiate the Adapter. You need to pass the Activity, not an Application Context.
The ApplicationContext doesn't have your app theme.

But pay attention because you are using the com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout, check the doc of the Material Components library.
Your app theme should inherit from a Material Components theme.

If you can't change your theme, you can do one of the following:

• Inherit from one of our Material Components Bridge themes.
• Continue to inherit from an AppCompat theme and add some new theme attributes to your theme.