SQL Server - SELECT FROM stored procedure

You can

1. create a table variable to hold the result set from the stored proc and then
2. insert the output of the stored proc into the table variable, and then
3. use the table variable exactly as you would any other table...

... sql ....

Declare @T Table ([column definitions here])
Insert @T Exec storedProcname params 
Select * from @T Where ...

You can use a User-defined function or a view instead of a procedure.

A procedure can return multiple result sets, each with its own schema. It's not suitable for using in a SELECT statement.

You either want a Table-Valued function or insert your EXEC into a temporary table:

INSERT INTO #tab EXEC MyProc