Split a string into rows using pure SQLite

This is possible with a recursive common table expression:

WITH RECURSIVE split(s, last, rest) AS (
  VALUES('', '', 'C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp')
  UNION ALL
  SELECT s || substr(rest, 1, 1),
         substr(rest, 1, 1),
         substr(rest, 2)
  FROM split
  WHERE rest <> ''
)
SELECT s
FROM split
WHERE rest = ''
   OR last = '\';

^{(You did not ask for a reasonable way.)}

Recursive CTE:

WITH RECURSIVE cte(org, part, rest, pos) AS (
  VALUES('C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp', '','C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp'|| '\', 0)
  UNION ALL
  SELECT org,
         SUBSTR(org,1, pos + INSTR(rest, '\')),
         SUBSTR(rest, INSTR(rest, '\')+1),
         pos + INSTR(rest, '\')
  FROM cte
  WHERE INSTR(rest, '\') > 0                         
)
SELECT *
FROM cte
WHERE pos <> 0
ORDER BY pos; 

SqlFiddleDemo

Output:

╔═════════════════════════════╗
║            part             ║
╠═════════════════════════════╣
║ C:\                         ║
║ C:\Users\                   ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\             ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\     ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp ║
╚═════════════════════════════╝

How it works:

org  - original string does not change
part - simply `LEFT` equivalent of original string taking pos number of chars
rest - simply `RIGHT` equivalent, rest of org string
pos  - position of first `\` in the rest 

Trace:

╔══════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════╦════════════════════════════╦═════╗
║             org              ║            part              ║           rest             ║ pos ║
╠══════════════════════════════╬══════════════════════════════╬════════════════════════════╬═════╣
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║ C:\                          ║ Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp\  ║   3 ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║ C:\Users\                    ║ fidel\Desktop\Temp\        ║   9 ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║ C:\Users\fidel\              ║ Desktop\Temp\              ║  15 ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\      ║ Temp\                      ║  23 ║
║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║ C:\Users\fidel\Desktop\Temp  ║                            ║  28 ║
╚══════════════════════════════╩══════════════════════════════╩════════════════════════════╩═════╝

If you want to search for the values ​​individually, use the code below:

WITH RECURSIVE split(content, last, rest) AS (
VALUES('', '', 'value1§value2§value3§value4§value5§value6§value7')
UNION ALL
  SELECT 

    CASE WHEN last = '§' 
            THEN
                substr(rest, 1, 1)
            ELSE
                content || substr(rest, 1, 1)
    END,
     substr(rest, 1, 1),
     substr(rest, 2)
  FROM split
  WHERE rest <> ''
)
SELECT 
       REPLACE(content, '§','') AS 'ValueSplit'     
FROM 
       split
WHERE 
       last = '§' OR rest ='';

Result:

**ValueSplit**

value1
value2
value3
value4
value5
value6
value7

I hope I can help people with the same problem.