Sorting MySQL query by Latitude/Longitude

Using just SELECT * FROM Table WHERE lat between $minlat and $maxlat will not be accurate enough.

The correct way to query distance is using the coordinates in radians.

<?php
  $sql = "SELECT * FROM Table WHERE acos(sin(1.3963) * sin(Lat) + cos(1.3963) * cos(Lat) * cos(Lon - (-0.6981))) * 6371 <= 1000";

Here is a handy reference - http://janmatuschek.de/LatitudeLongitudeBoundingCoordinates

For example:

<?php
  $distance = 100;
  $current_lat = 1.3963;
  $current_lon = -0.6981;
  $earths_radius = 6371;

  $sql = "SELECT * FROM Table T WHERE acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius <= $distance";

And if you want to do the order by and show the distance:

<?php
  $distance = 100;
  $current_lat = 1.3963;
  $current_lon = -0.6981;
  $earths_radius = 6371;

  $sql = "SELECT *, (acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius) as distance FROM Table T WHERE acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius <= $distance ORDER BY acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius DESC";

Edited for @Blazemonger and the avoidance of doubt :) If you want to work in degrees instead of radians:

<?php
  $current_lat_deg = 80.00209691585;
  $current_lon_deg = -39.99818366895;
  $radians_to_degs = 57.2957795;

  $distance = 100;
  $current_lat = $current_lat_deg / $radians_to_degs;
  $current_lon = $current_lon_deg / $radians_to_degs;
  $earths_radius = 6371;

  $sql = "SELECT *, (acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius) as distance FROM Table T WHERE acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius <= $distance ORDER BY acos(sin($current_lat) * sin(T.Lat) + cos($current_lat) * cos(T.Lat) * cos(T.Lon - ($current_lon))) * $earths_radius DESC";

You could easily wrap this up into a class that accepted Radians or Degrees from the information provided above.

None of the answers above work correctly across the Greenwich meridian. The Haversine formula:

  // 6371 is the Earth's radius in km
  6371 * 2 * ASIN(SQRT( 
     POWER(SIN((lat - abs(:latitude)) * pi()/180 / 2), 2) 
      + COS(lat * pi()/180 ) * COS(abs(:latitude) * pi()/180) 
      * POWER(SIN((lon - :longitude) *  pi()/180 / 2), 2) 
  )) as distance

which I took from here and which is referenced in this answer on a similar question, does work.

This is the formula that gave me the correct results (as opposed to the solutions above). Confirmed by using the Google Maps "Measure distance" feature (direct distance, not the transportation distance).

SELECT
    *,
    ( 3959 * acos( cos( radians(:latitude) ) * cos( radians( latitude ) ) * cos( radians( longitude ) - radians(:longitude) ) + sin( radians(:latitude) ) * sin( radians( latitude ) ) ) ) AS `distance`
FROM `locations`
ORDER BY `distance` ASC

:latitude and :longitude are the placeholders for the PDO functions. You can replace them with the actual values if you'd like. latitude and longitude are the column names.

3959 is the Earth radius in miles; the distance output will be in miles as well. To change it to kilometers, replace 3959 with 6371.

Remember Pythagoras?

$sql = "SELECT * FROM table 
    WHERE lon BETWEEN '$minLon' AND '$maxLon' 
      AND lat BETWEEN '$minLat' AND '$maxLat'
    ORDER BY (POW((lon-$lon),2) + POW((lat-$lat),2))";

Technically that's the square of the distance instead of the actual distance, but since you're just using it for sorting that doesn't matter.

This uses the planar distance formula, which should be good over small distances.

HOWEVER:

If you want to be more precise or use longer distances, use this formula for great circle distances in radians:

dist = acos[ sin(lat1)*sin(lat2)+cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*cos(lng1-lng2) ]

(To get the distance in real units instead of radians, multiply it by the radius of the Earth. That's not necessary for ordering purposes, though.)

Latitude and longitude is assumed by the MySQL computation engine to be in radians, so if it's stored in degrees (and it probably is), you'll have to multiply each value by pi/180, approximately 0.01745:

$sf = 3.14159 / 180; // scaling factor
$sql = "SELECT * FROM table 
    WHERE lon BETWEEN '$minLon' AND '$maxLon' 
      AND lat BETWEEN '$minLat' AND '$maxLat'
    ORDER BY ACOS(SIN(lat*$sf)*SIN($lat*$sf) + COS(lat*$sf)*COS($lat*$sf)*COS((lon-$lon)*$sf))";

or even:

$sf = 3.14159 / 180; // scaling factor
$er = 6350; // earth radius in miles, approximate
$mr = 100; // max radius
$sql = "SELECT * FROM table 
    WHERE $mr >= $er * ACOS(SIN(lat*$sf)*SIN($lat*$sf) + COS(lat*$sf)*COS($lat*$sf)*COS((lon-$lon)*$sf))
    ORDER BY ACOS(SIN(lat*$sf)*SIN($lat*$sf) + COS(lat*$sf)*COS($lat*$sf)*COS((lon-$lon)*$sf))";