Sharepoint - SharePoint configuration wizard will raise Microsoft.SharePoint.PostSetupConfiguration.PostSetupConfigurationTaskException was thrown

take a look at https://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/94a8bb64-e0ea-493f-8e29-01347b1fc6c7/psconfig-fails-failed-to-upgrade-sharepoint-products

You will find a workaround there:

"I run once again the command „PSConfig.exe -cmd upgrade -inplace b2b -force -cmd applicationcontent -install -cmd installfeatures“ in the “Bin” Folder as an administrator console session. In the moment I saw the staus “Configurationtask 5 of 6 is executed” I start to run the command “net start SPTraceV4 & net start SPWriterV4 & net start SPAdminV4 & net start SPSearch4 & net start SPTimerV4” in a parallel administrator console session and after that the configuration task finished successfully."

Looks like that may help you.

Another possible solution:

http://sp-vinod.blogspot.de/2013/03/sharepoint-2010-october-2012-cumulative.html