Seeking methods to solve: $\int_0^\infty \frac{\ln(t)}{t^n + 1}\:dt$

You can use the pole expansions \begin{align} \csc^2 (z) &= \sum_{m \in \mathbb{Z}} \frac{1}{[m \pi + z]^2} \, , \, z \in \mathbb{C}\setminus\pi\mathbb{Z} \, , \\ \sec^2 (z) &= \sum_{m \in \mathbb{Z}} \frac{1}{\left[\left(m+\frac{1}{2}\right) \pi + z\right]^2} \, , \, z \in \mathbb{C}\setminus\pi \left(\mathbb{Z} + \frac{1}{2}\right) \, , \end{align} and their derivatives to find the integrals. We have \begin{align} -I_n &= \int \limits_0^\infty \frac{-\ln(t)}{1+t^n} \, \mathrm{d}t = \int \limits_0^1 [-\ln(t)] \frac{1-t^{n-2}}{1+t^n} \, \mathrm{d} t = \sum \limits_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \int\limits_0^1 [-\ln(t)] (1-t^{n-2})t^{n k} \, \mathrm{d} t \\ &= \sum \limits_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \left[\frac{1}{(nk+1)^2} - \frac{1}{(n k + n - 2 + 1)^2}\right] = \sum \limits_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \left[\frac{1}{(nk+1)^2} - \frac{1}{(n(k+1)-1)^2}\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^2}{4 n^2} \sum \limits_{l=0}^\infty \left[\frac{1}{\left(l \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2} - \frac{1}{\left(\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right) \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2} + \frac{1}{\left((l+1) \pi - \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2} - \frac{1}{\left(\left(l+\frac{1}{2}\right) \pi - \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2}\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^2}{4 n^2} \sum_{m \in \mathbb{Z}} \left[\frac{1}{\left(m \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2} - \frac{1}{\left(\left(m+\frac{1}{2}\right) \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^2} \right] = \frac{\pi^2}{4n^2} \left[\csc^2 \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right) - \sec^2 \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right)\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^2}{n^2} \frac{\cos\left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right)}{\sin^2\left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right)} \end{align} and, similarly, \begin{align} J_n &= \int \limits_0^1 \ln^2(t) \frac{1+t^{n-2}}{1+t^n} \, \mathrm{d} t = 2 \sum \limits_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \left[\frac{1}{(nk+1)^3} + \frac{1}{(n(k+1)-1)^3}\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^3}{4 n^3} \sum_{m \in \mathbb{Z}} \left[\frac{1}{\left(m \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^3} - \frac{1}{\left(\left(m+\frac{1}{2}\right) \pi + \frac{\pi}{2n}\right)^3}\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^3}{4 n^3} \left[\csc^2 \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right) \cot \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right) + \sec^2 \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right) \tan \left(\frac{\pi}{2n}\right)\right] \\ &= \frac{\pi^3}{n^3} \frac{1+\cos^2 \left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right)}{\sin^3 \left(\frac{\pi}{n}\right)} \end{align} for $n > 1$ .

Here is an alternative strategy that can be used to find $I^{(1)}_n$ (your $I_n$), $I^{(2)}_n$ (your $J_n$), and $I^{(p)}_n$ (the general case where $p \in \mathbb{N}$).

Writing $$I^{(1)}_n = \int_0^\infty \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt = \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt + \int_1^\infty \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt.$$ Enforcing a substitution of $t \mapsto 1/t$ in the second of the integrals appearing to the right yields $$I^{(1)}_n = \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, dt - \int_0^1 \frac{\ln t}{1 + t^n} \, t^{n - 2} dt.$$ Exploiting the geometric sum for the term $1/(1 + t^n)$ leads to $$I^{(1)}_n = \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \int_0^1 t^{kn} \ln t \, dt - \sum_{k = 0}^\infty (-1)^k \int_0^1 t^{kn + n - 2} \ln t \, dt.$$ After integrating by parts we have \begin{align} I^{(1)}_n &= -\frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(k + 1/n)^2} + \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2}\\ &= \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{odd}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1/n)^2} - \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{even}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1/n)^2}\\ & \qquad -\frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{odd}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2} + \frac{1}{n^2} \sum_{\substack{k = 0\\k \in \text{even}}} \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/n)^2}. \end{align} Shifting the odd indices by: $k \mapsto 2k + 1$, and the even indices by: $k \mapsto 2k$, gives \begin{align} I^{(1)}_n &= \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2 + 1/2n)^2} - \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2n)^2}\\ & \qquad - \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1 - 1/2n)^2} + \frac{1}{4n^2} \sum_{k = 0}^\infty \frac{1}{(k + 1/2 - 1/2n)^2}\\ &= -\frac{1}{4n^2} \left [ \psi^{(1)} \left (1 - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) + \psi^{(1)} \left (\frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\ & \qquad + \frac{1}{4n^2} \left [\psi^{(1)} \left (1 - \left (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ) + \psi^{(1)} \left (\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\ &= -\frac{\pi^2}{4n^2} \left [\operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) - \operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2} + \frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\ &= -\frac{\pi^2}{4n^2} \left [\operatorname{cosec}^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) - \sec^2 \left (\frac{\pi}{2n} \right ) \right ]\\ &= -\frac{\pi^2}{n^2} \left [\frac{\cos^2(\pi/2n) - \sin^2 (\pi/2n)}{\{2 \sin (\pi/2n) \cos (\pi/2n)\}^2} \right ]\\ &= -\frac{\pi^2}{n^2} \operatorname{cosec} \left (\frac{\pi}{n} \right ) \cot \left (\frac{\pi}{n} \right ), \end{align} as expected. Note we have made use of the reflexion formula for the trigamma function $\psi^{(1)}(z)$.

In a similar way to how $I^{(1)}_n$ was found above, $I^{(2)}_n$ and $I^{(p)}_n$ can also be found.