RuntimeException: Unable to create output dir: /storage/emulated/0/app_spoon-screenshots

My issue was caused by an external library merging in the maxSdkVersion with the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission. To get around this I removed the attribute and re-added the WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission. This is only needed for my application manifest and not the test application manifest.

<!-- Strip away maxSdkVersion -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
                 tools:remove="android:maxSdkVersion"/>

<!-- Add the permission with no maxSdkVersion defined -->
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"/>

Then you can build, grant permissions, and run the tests:

# Uninstall existing APKs and install our app APK and test APK
./gradlew uninstallAll installDebug installDebugAndroidTest

# List all APKs installed with adb shell 'pm list packages -f'
# Grant the app APK write and read to external storage permissions
adb shell pm grant gg.mark.debug android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
adb shell pm grant gg.mark.debug android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE

export APK=build/outputs/apk/debug/debug.apk
export TEST_APK=build/outputs/apk/androidTest/debug/debug-androidTest.apk

# TEST_APK and APK are positional arguments so keep them in this order
# Disable GIF generation because it's slow
java -jar spoon-runner-2.0.0.jar --debug --disable-gif "$TEST_APK" "$APK"

The pm grant commands will fail if the permissions for your app are not set up properly in merged AndroidManifest.xml. Make sure those commands succeed!