Resize rectangular image to square, keeping ratio and fill background with black

You can use Pillow to accomplish that:

Code:

from PIL import Image

def make_square(im, min_size=256, fill_color=(0, 0, 0, 0)):
    x, y = im.size
    size = max(min_size, x, y)
    new_im = Image.new('RGBA', (size, size), fill_color)
    new_im.paste(im, (int((size - x) / 2), int((size - y) / 2)))
    return new_im

Test Code:

test_image = Image.open('hLarp.png')
new_image = make_square(test_image)
new_image.show()

For a white background you can do:

new_image = make_square(test_image, fill_color=(255, 255, 255, 0))

Result:

PIL has the thumbnail method which will scale keeping the aspect ratio. From there you just need to paste it centered onto your black background rectangle.

from PIL import Image

def black_background_thumbnail(path_to_image, thumbnail_size=(200,200)):
    background = Image.new('RGBA', thumbnail_size, "black")    
    source_image = Image.open(path_to_image).convert("RGBA")
    source_image.thumbnail(thumbnail_size)
    (w, h) = source_image.size
    background.paste(source_image, ((thumbnail_size[0] - w) / 2, (thumbnail_size[1] - h) / 2 ))
    return background

if __name__ == '__main__':
    img = black_background_thumbnail('hLARP.png')
    img.save('tmp.jpg')
    img.show()

Here is a code that solve your question with OPENCV module (using NUMPY module too)

#Importing modules opencv + numpy
import cv2
import numpy as np

#Reading an image (you can use PNG or JPG)
img = cv2.imread("image.png")

#Getting the bigger side of the image
s = max(img.shape[0:2])

#Creating a dark square with NUMPY  
f = np.zeros((s,s,3),np.uint8)

#Getting the centering position
ax,ay = (s - img.shape[1])//2,(s - img.shape[0])//2

#Pasting the 'image' in a centering position
f[ay:img.shape[0]+ay,ax:ax+img.shape[1]] = img

#Showing results (just in case) 
cv2.imshow("IMG",f)
#A pause, waiting for any press in keyboard
cv2.waitKey(0)

#Saving the image
cv2.imwrite("img2square.png",f)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()