Postgresql: Changing Action For Foreign Key Constraint

Take a look at the documentation at https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-altertable.html. There are options to alter a few things about a constraint (like DEFERRABLE) but not for changing the action, as I understand you need.

Well, this not directly altering FOREIGN KEY constraint, and there are DROP and ADD still, though this is only one statement:

ALTER table  chemlab.rule_header 
    DROP CONSTRAINT rule_header_parent_id_fkey,
    ADD CONSTRAINT rule_header_parent_id_fkey 
    FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES chemlab.rule_header(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT;