Postgres ENUM data type or CHECK CONSTRAINT?

One of the big disadvantages of Foreign keys vs Check constraints is that any reporting or UI displays will have to perform a join to resolve the id to the text.

In a small system this is not a big deal but if you are working on a HR or similar system with very many small lookup tables then this can be a very big deal with lots of joins taking place just to get the text.

My recommendation would be that if the values are few and rarely changing, then use a constraint on a text field otherwise use a lookup table against an integer id field.

Based on the comments and answers here, and some rudimentary research, I have the following summary to offer for comments from the Postgres-erati. Will really appreciate your input.

There are three ways to restrict entries in a Postgres database table column. Consider a table to store "colors" where you want only 'red', 'green', or 'blue' to be valid entries.

1. Enumerated data type

   CREATE TYPE valid_colors AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
   
   CREATE TABLE t (
       color VALID_COLORS
   );
   

   Advantages are that the type can be defined once and then reused in as many tables as needed. A standard query can list all the values for an ENUM type, and can be used to make application form widgets.

   SELECT  n.nspname AS enum_schema,  
           t.typname AS enum_name,  
           e.enumlabel AS enum_value
   FROM    pg_type t JOIN 
           pg_enum e ON t.oid = e.enumtypid JOIN 
           pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = t.typnamespace
   WHERE   t.typname = 'valid_colors'
   
    enum_schema | enum_name     | enum_value 
   -------------+---------------+------------
    public      | valid_colors  | red
    public      | valid_colors  | green
    public      | valid_colors  | blue
   

   Disadvantages are, the ENUM type is stored in system catalogs, so a query as above is required to view its definition. These values are not apparent when viewing the table definition. And, since an ENUM type is actually a data type separate from the built in NUMERIC and TEXT data types, the regular numeric and string operators and functions don't work on it. So, one can't do a query like

   SELECT FROM t WHERE color LIKE 'bl%'; 
   

2. Check constraints

   CREATE TABLE t (
       colors TEXT CHECK (colors IN ('red', 'green', 'blue'))
   );
   

   Two advantage are that, one, "what you see is what you get," that is, the valid values for the column are recorded right in the table definition, and two, all native string or numeric operators work.

3. Foreign keys

   CREATE TABLE valid_colors (
       id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
       color TEXT
   );
   
   INSERT INTO valid_colors (color) VALUES 
       ('red'),
       ('green'),
       ('blue');
   
   CREATE TABLE t (
       color_id INTEGER REFERENCES valid_colors (id)
   );
   

   Essentially the same as creating an ENUM type, except, the native numeric or string operators work, and one doesn't have to query system catalogs to discover the valid values. A join is required to link the color_id to the desired text value.

As other answers point out, check constraints have flexibility issues, but setting a foreign key on an integer id requires joining during lookups. Why not just use the allowed values as natural keys in the reference table?

To adapt the schema from punkish's answer:

CREATE TABLE valid_colors (
    color TEXT PRIMARY KEY
);

INSERT INTO valid_colors (color) VALUES 
    ('red'),
    ('green'),
    ('blue');

CREATE TABLE t (
    color TEXT REFERENCES valid_colors (color) ON UPDATE CASCADE
);

Values are stored inline as in the check constraint case, so there are no joins, but new valid value options can be easily added and existing values instances can be updated via ON UPDATE CASCADE (e.g. if it's decided "red" should actually be "Red", update valid_colors accordingly and the change propagates automatically).