+ operator for array in PHP?

This operator takes the union of two arrays (same as array_merge, except that with array_merge duplicate keys are overwritten).

The documentation for array operators is found here.

Quoting from the PHP Manual on Language Operators

The + operator returns the right-hand array appended to the left-hand array; for keys that exist in both arrays, the elements from the left-hand array will be used, and the matching elements from the right-hand array will be ignored.

So if you do

$array1 = ['one',   'two',          'foo' => 'bar'];
$array2 = ['three', 'four', 'five', 'foo' => 'baz']; 

print_r($array1 + $array2);

You will get

Array
(
    [0] => one   // preserved from $array1 (left-hand array)
    [1] => two   // preserved from $array1 (left-hand array)
    [foo] => bar // preserved from $array1 (left-hand array)
    [2] => five  // added from $array2 (right-hand array)
)

So the logic of + is equivalent to the following snippet:

$union = $array1;

foreach ($array2 as $key => $value) {
    if (false === array_key_exists($key, $union)) {
        $union[$key] = $value;
    }
}

If you are interested in the details of the C-level implementation head to

• php-src/Zend/zend_operators.c

---

Note, that + is different from how array_merge() would combine the arrays:

print_r(array_merge($array1, $array2));

would give you

Array
(
    [0] => one   // preserved from $array1
    [1] => two   // preserved from $array1
    [foo] => baz // overwritten from $array2
    [2] => three // appended from $array2
    [3] => four  // appended from $array2
    [4] => five  // appended from $array2
)

See linked pages for more examples.

The best example I found for using this is in a config array.

$user_vars = array("username"=>"John Doe");
$default_vars = array("username"=>"Unknown", "email"=>"[email protected]");

$config = $user_vars + $default_vars;

The $default_vars, as it suggests, is the array for default values. The $user_vars array will overwrite the values defined in $default_vars. Any missing values in $user_vars are now the defaults vars from $default_vars.

This would print_r as:

Array(2){
    "username" => "John Doe",
    "email" => "[email protected]"
}

I hope this helps!