My Algorithm to Calculate Position of Smartphone - GPS and Sensors
After solving the position I calculated using Sensors I would like to post my code here in case anyone needs in future:
Note: This was only checked on Samsung Galaxy S2 phone and only when person was walking with the phone, it has not been tested when moving in car or on bike
This is the result I got when compared when compared with GPS, (Red Line GPS, Blue is Position calculated with Sensor)
The code is not very efficient, but I hope my sharing this code will help someone and point them in the right direction.
I had two seperate classes:
- CalculatePosition
CustomSensorService
public class CalculatePosition {
static Double earthRadius = 6378D; static Double oldLatitude,oldLongitude; static Boolean IsFirst = true; static Double sensorLatitude, sensorLongitude; static Date CollaborationWithGPSTime; public static float[] results; public static void calculateNewPosition(Context applicationContext, Float currentAcceleration, Float currentSpeed, Float currentDistanceTravelled, Float currentDirection, Float TotalDistance) { results = new float[3]; if(IsFirst){ CollaborationWithGPSTime = new Date(); Toast.makeText(applicationContext, "First", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); oldLatitude = CustomLocationListener.mLatitude; oldLongitude = CustomLocationListener.mLongitude; sensorLatitude = oldLatitude; sensorLongitude = oldLongitude; LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(oldLongitude,oldLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "GPSSensor",0.0F,TotalDistance); IsFirst = false; return; } Date CurrentDateTime = new Date(); if(CurrentDateTime.getTime() - CollaborationWithGPSTime.getTime() > 900000){ //This IF Statement is to Collaborate with GPS position --> For accuracy --> 900,000 == 15 minutes oldLatitude = CustomLocationListener.mLatitude; oldLongitude = CustomLocationListener.mLongitude; LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(oldLongitude,oldLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "GPSSensor", 0.0F, 0.0F); return; } //Convert Variables to Radian for the Formula oldLatitude = Math.PI * oldLatitude / 180; oldLongitude = Math.PI * oldLongitude / 180; currentDirection = (float) (Math.PI * currentDirection / 180.0); //Formulae to Calculate the NewLAtitude and NewLongtiude Double newLatitude = Math.asin(Math.sin(oldLatitude) * Math.cos(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) + Math.cos(oldLatitude) * Math.sin(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) * Math.cos(currentDirection)); Double newLongitude = oldLongitude + Math.atan2(Math.sin(currentDirection) * Math.sin(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) * Math.cos(oldLatitude), Math.cos(currentDistanceTravelled / earthRadius) - Math.sin(oldLatitude) * Math.sin(newLatitude)); //Convert Back from radians newLatitude = 180 * newLatitude / Math.PI; newLongitude = 180 * newLongitude / Math.PI; currentDirection = (float) (180 * currentDirection / Math.PI); //Update old Latitude and Longitude oldLatitude = newLatitude; oldLongitude = newLongitude; sensorLatitude = oldLatitude; sensorLongitude = oldLongitude; IsFirst = false; //Plot Position on Map LivePositionActivity.PlotNewPosition(newLongitude,newLatitude,currentDistanceTravelled * 1000, currentAcceleration, currentSpeed, currentDirection, "Sensor", results[0],TotalDistance); } }public class CustomSensorService extends Service implements SensorEventListener{
static SensorManager sensorManager; static Sensor mAccelerometer; private Sensor mMagnetometer; private Sensor mLinearAccelertion; static Context mContext; private static float[] AccelerometerValue; private static float[] MagnetometerValue; public static Float currentAcceleration = 0.0F; public static Float currentDirection = 0.0F; public static Float CurrentSpeed = 0.0F; public static Float CurrentDistanceTravelled = 0.0F; /*---------------------------------------------*/ float[] prevValues,speed; float[] currentValues; float prevTime, currentTime, changeTime,distanceY,distanceX,distanceZ; float[] currentVelocity; public static CalculatePosition CalcPosition; /*-----FILTER VARIABLES-------------------------*-/ * * */ public static Float prevAcceleration = 0.0F; public static Float prevSpeed = 0.0F; public static Float prevDistance = 0.0F; public static Float totalDistance; TextView tv; Boolean First,FirstSensor = true; @Override public void onCreate(){ super.onCreate(); mContext = getApplicationContext(); CalcPosition = new CalculatePosition(); First = FirstSensor = true; currentValues = new float[3]; prevValues = new float[3]; currentVelocity = new float[3]; speed = new float[3]; totalDistance = 0.0F; Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Service Created",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); sensorManager = (SensorManager) getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE); mAccelerometer = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER); mMagnetometer = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD); //mGyro = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE); mLinearAccelertion = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION); sensorManager.registerListener(this, mAccelerometer, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); sensorManager.registerListener(this, mMagnetometer, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); //sensorManager.registerListener(this, mGyro, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); sensorManager.registerListener(this, mLinearAccelertion, SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); } @Override public void onDestroy(){ Toast.makeText(this, "Service Destroyed", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); sensorManager.unregisterListener(this); //sensorManager = null; super.onDestroy(); } @Override public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub } @Override public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) { float[] values = event.values; Sensor mSensor = event.sensor; if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER){ AccelerometerValue = values; } if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION){ if(First){ prevValues = values; prevTime = event.timestamp / 1000000000; First = false; currentVelocity[0] = currentVelocity[1] = currentVelocity[2] = 0; distanceX = distanceY= distanceZ = 0; } else{ currentTime = event.timestamp / 1000000000.0f; changeTime = currentTime - prevTime; prevTime = currentTime; calculateDistance(event.values, changeTime); currentAcceleration = (float) Math.sqrt(event.values[0] * event.values[0] + event.values[1] * event.values[1] + event.values[2] * event.values[2]); CurrentSpeed = (float) Math.sqrt(speed[0] * speed[0] + speed[1] * speed[1] + speed[2] * speed[2]); CurrentDistanceTravelled = (float) Math.sqrt(distanceX * distanceX + distanceY * distanceY + distanceZ * distanceZ); CurrentDistanceTravelled = CurrentDistanceTravelled / 1000; if(FirstSensor){ prevAcceleration = currentAcceleration; prevDistance = CurrentDistanceTravelled; prevSpeed = CurrentSpeed; FirstSensor = false; } prevValues = values; } } if(mSensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD){ MagnetometerValue = values; } if(currentAcceleration != prevAcceleration || CurrentSpeed != prevSpeed || prevDistance != CurrentDistanceTravelled){ if(!FirstSensor) totalDistance = totalDistance + CurrentDistanceTravelled * 1000; if (AccelerometerValue != null && MagnetometerValue != null && currentAcceleration != null) { //Direction float RT[] = new float[9]; float I[] = new float[9]; boolean success = SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(RT, I, AccelerometerValue, MagnetometerValue); if (success) { float orientation[] = new float[3]; SensorManager.getOrientation(RT, orientation); float azimut = (float) Math.round(Math.toDegrees(orientation[0])); currentDirection =(azimut+ 360) % 360; if( CurrentSpeed > 0.2){ CalculatePosition.calculateNewPosition(getApplicationContext(),currentAcceleration,CurrentSpeed,CurrentDistanceTravelled,currentDirection,totalDistance); } } prevAcceleration = currentAcceleration; prevSpeed = CurrentSpeed; prevDistance = CurrentDistanceTravelled; } } } @Override public IBinder onBind(Intent arg0) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub return null; } public void calculateDistance (float[] acceleration, float deltaTime) { float[] distance = new float[acceleration.length]; for (int i = 0; i < acceleration.length; i++) { speed[i] = acceleration[i] * deltaTime; distance[i] = speed[i] * deltaTime + acceleration[i] * deltaTime * deltaTime / 2; } distanceX = distance[0]; distanceY = distance[1]; distanceZ = distance[2]; }}
EDIT:
public static void PlotNewPosition(Double newLatitude, Double newLongitude, Float currentDistance,
Float currentAcceleration, Float currentSpeed, Float currentDirection, String dataType) {
LatLng newPosition = new LatLng(newLongitude,newLatitude);
if(dataType == "Sensor"){
tvAcceleration.setText("Speed: " + currentSpeed + " Acceleration: " + currentAcceleration + " Distance: " + currentDistance +" Direction: " + currentDirection + " \n");
map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
.position(newPosition)
.title("Position")
.snippet("Sensor Position")
.icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory
.fromResource(R.drawable.line)));
}else if(dataType == "GPSSensor"){
map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
.position(newPosition)
.title("PositionCollaborated")
.snippet("GPS Position"));
}
else{
map.addMarker(new MarkerOptions()
.position(newPosition)
.title("Position")
.snippet("New Position")
.icon(BitmapDescriptorFactory
.fromResource(R.drawable.linered)));
}
map.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLngZoom(newPosition, 18));
}
As some of you mentioned you got the equations wrong but that is just a part of the error.
Newton - D'Alembert physics for non relativistic speeds dictates this:
// init values double ax=0.0,ay=0.0,az=0.0; // acceleration [m/s^2] double vx=0.0,vy=0.0,vz=0.0; // velocity [m/s] double x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0; // position [m] // iteration inside some timer (dt [seconds] period) ... ax,ay,az = accelerometer values vx+=ax*dt; // update speed via integration of acceleration vy+=ay*dt; vz+=az*dt; x+=vx*dt; // update position via integration of velocity y+=vy*dt; z+=vz*dt;the sensor can rotate so the direction must be applied:
// init values double gx=0.0,gy=-9.81,gz=0.0; // [edit1] background gravity in map coordinate system [m/s^2] double ax=0.0,ay=0.0,az=0.0; // acceleration [m/s^2] double vx=0.0,vy=0.0,vz=0.0; // velocity [m/s] double x=0.0, y=0.0, z=0.0; // position [m] double dev[9]; // actual device transform matrix ... local coordinate system (x,y,z) <- GPS position; // iteration inside some timer (dt [seconds] period) ... dev <- compass direction ax,ay,az = accelerometer values (measured in device space) (ax,ay,az) = dev*(ax,ay,az); // transform acceleration from device space to global map space without any translation to preserve vector magnitude ax-=gx; // [edit1] remove background gravity (in map coordinate system) ay-=gy; az-=gz; vx+=ax*dt; // update speed (in map coordinate system) vy+=ay*dt; vz+=az*dt; x+=vx*dt; // update position (in map coordinate system) y+=vy*dt; z+=vz*dt;gx,gy,gzis the global gravity vector (~9.81 m/s^2on Earth)- in code my global
Yaxis points up so thegy=-9.81and the rest are0.0
measure timings are critical
Accelerometer must be checked as often as possible (second is a very long time). I recommend not to use timer period bigger than 10 ms to preserve accuracy also time to time you should override calculated position with GPS value. Compass direction can be checked less often but with proper filtration
compass is not correct all the time
Compass values should be filtered for some peak values. Sometimes it read bad values and also can be off by electro-magnetic polution or metal enviroment. In that case the direction can be checked by GPS during movement and some corrections can be made. For example chech GPS every minute and compare GPS direction with compass and if it is constantly of by some angle then add it or substract it.
why do simple computations on server ???
Hate on-line waste of traffic. Yes you can log data on server (but still i think file on device will be better) but why to heck limit position functionality by internet connection ??? not to mention the delays ...
[Edit 1] additional notes
Edited the code above a little. The orientation must be as precise as it can be to minimize cumulative errors.
Gyros would be better than compass (or even better use them both). Acceleration should be filtered. Some low pass filtering should be OK. After gravity removal I would limit ax,ay,az to usable values and throw away too small values. If near low speed also do full stop (if it is not a train or motion in vacuum). That should lower the drift but increase other errors so an compromise has to be found between them.
Add calibration on the fly. When filtered acceleration = 9.81 or very close to it then the device is probably stand still (unless its a flying machine). Orientation/direction can be corrected by actual gravity direction.
Acceleration sensors and gyros are not suited for position calculation.
After some seconds the errors become incredible high. (I hardly remember that the double integration is the problem).
Look at this Google tech talk video about sensor fusioning,
he explains in very detail why this is not possible.
As per our discussion, since your acceleration is continuously changing, the equations of motion that you have applied shall not give you an accurate answer.
You may have to keep updating your position and velocities as and when you get a new reading for acceleration.
Since this would be highly inefficient, my suggestion would be to call the update function every few seconds and use the average value of acceleration during that period to get the new velocity and position.