Massive CPU load using std::lock (c++11)

On my machine, the following code prints out 10 times a second and consumes almost 0 cpu because most of the time the thread is either sleeping or blocked on a locked mutex:

#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std::chrono_literals;

std::mutex m1;
std::mutex m2;

void
f1()
{
    while (true)
    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l1(m1, std::defer_lock);
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l2(m2, std::defer_lock);
        std::lock(l1, l2);
        std::cout << "f1 has the two locks\n";
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
    }
}

void
f2()
{
    while (true)
    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l2(m2, std::defer_lock);
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l1(m1, std::defer_lock);
        std::lock(l2, l1);
        std::cout << "f2 has the two locks\n";
        std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
    }
}

int main()
{
    std::thread t1(f1);
    std::thread t2(f2);
    t1.join();
    t2.join();
}

Sample output:

f1 has the two locks
f2 has the two locks
f1 has the two locks
...

I'm running this on OS X and the Activity Monitor application says that this process is using 0.1% cpu. The machine is a Intel Core i5 (4 core).

I'm happy to adjust this experiment in any way to attempt to create live-lock or excessive cpu usage.

Update

If this program is using excessive CPU on your platform, try changing it to call ::lock() instead, where that is defined with:

template <class L0, class L1>
void
lock(L0& l0, L1& l1)
{
    while (true)
    {
        {
            std::unique_lock<L0> u0(l0);
            if (l1.try_lock())
            {
                u0.release();
                break;
            }
        }
        std::this_thread::yield();
        {
            std::unique_lock<L1> u1(l1);
            if (l0.try_lock())
            {
                u1.release();
                break;
            }
        }
        std::this_thread::yield();
    }
}

I would be interested to know if that made any difference for you, thanks.

Update 2

After a long delay, I have written a first draft of a paper on this subject. The paper compares 4 different ways of getting this job done. It contains software you can copy and paste into your own code and test yourself (and please report back what you find!):

http://howardhinnant.github.io/dining_philosophers.html

As the documentation says, [t]he objects are locked by an unspecified series of calls to lock, try_lock, unlock. There is simply no way that can possibly be efficient if the mutexes are held by other threads for a significant period of time. There's no way the function can wait without spinning.

The std::lock() non-member function may cause Live-lock problem or performance degradation, it guarantee only "Never Dead-lock".

If you can determine "Lock order(Lock hierarchy)" of multiple mutexes by design, it's preferable to not use generic std::lock() but lock each mutexes in pre-determinate order.

Refer to Acquiring Multiple Locks Without Deadlock for more detail.