Main difference between tr (translate) to sed and awk

sed has a y command that is analogous to tr:

y/string1/string2/

Replace all occurrences of characters in string1 with the corresponding characters in string2.

$ echo 'a big cat' | sed -e 'y/abc/def/'
d eig fdt

y does not support character ranges a-z or classes [:alpha:] like tr does, nor the complement modes -c and -C. Deletion (-d) is possible with s//, as is replacing runs with single characters (-s). As in all of sed it's fundamentally line-oriented. y is sometimes useful in the middle of a longer sed script, but tr likely does a better job if that's all you're doing.

awk has no equivalent to tr's base functionality, though you could of course replace characters one at a time. The awk language is quite general and you can write loops and conditionals sufficient to implement any transformation you want if you're motivated enough. If you were even more motivated you could probably manage that in sed too. The tools are not really equivalent in any sense.

Yes, tr is a "simple" tool compared to awk and sed, and both awk and sed can easily mimic most of its basic behaviour, but neither of sed or awk has "tr built in" in the sense that there is some single thing in them that exactly does all the things that tr does.

tr works on characters, not strings, and converts characters from one set to characters in another (as in tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' to lowercase input). Its name is short from "translate" or "transliterate".

It does have some nice features, like being able to delete multiple consecutive characters that are the same, which may be a bit fiddly to implement with a single sed expression.

For example,

tr -s '\n'

will squeeze all consecutive newlines from the input into single newlines.

To characterize the three tools crudely:

• tr works on characters (changes or deletes them).
• sed works on lines (modifies words or other parts of lines, or inserts or deletes lines).
• awk work on records with fields (by default whitespace separated fields on a line, but this may be changed by setting FS and RS).