Looping over pairs of values in bash

I agree with the answer currently proposed by fedorqui in the context of the question currently asked. The below is given only to provide some more general answers.

One more general approach (for bash 4.0 or newer) is to store your pairs in an associative array:

declare -A pairs=( [4_1]=4_2 [5_1]=5_2 [6_1]=6_2 [7_1]=7_2 [8_1]=8_2 )
for i in "${!pairs[@]}"; do
  j=${pairs[$i]}
  paste "$i.txt" "$j.txt" >"${i}.${j}.txt"
done

Another (compatible with older releases of bash) is to use more than one conventional array:

is=( 4_1 5_1 6_1 7_1 8_1 )
js=( 4_2 5_2 6_2 7_2 8_2 )
for idx in "${!is[@]}"; do
  i=${is[$idx]}
  j=${js[$idx]}
  paste "$i.txt" "$j.txt" >"$i.$j.txt"
done

Simplest so far:

for i in "1 a" "2 b" "3 c"; do a=( $i ); echo "${a[1]}"; echo "${a[0]}"; done

a
1
b
2
c
3

You can use an associative array:

animals=(dog cat mouse)
declare -A size=(
  [dog]=big
  [cat]=medium
  [mouse]=small
)
declare -A sound=(
  [dog]=barks
  [cat]=purrs
  [mouse]=cheeps
)
for animal in "${animals[@]}"; do
  echo "$animal is ${size[$animal]} and it ${sound[$animal]}"
done

This allows you traversing pairs, triples, etc. Credits: the original idea is taken from @CharlesDuffy-s answer.