Lloyd relaxation on VoronoiMesh

Here's my take on Lloyd's algorithm. The code I present here should not be too hard to encapsulate into a routine; I have only elected to present it in this way so that I can animate the progress of the relaxation method:

BlockRandom[SeedRandom[42, Method -> "Legacy"]; (* for reproducibility *)
            pts = RandomReal[{-1, 1}, {50, 2}]];

pl = With[{maxit = 50, (* maximum iterations *)
           tol = 0.005 (* distance tolerance *)}, 
          FixedPointList[Function[pts, Block[{cells},
                         cells = MeshPrimitives[VoronoiMesh[pts,
                                                {{-1, 1}, {-1, 1}}], "Faces"];
                         RegionCentroid /@ cells[[SparseArray[
                         Outer[#2 @ #1 &, pts, RegionMember /@ cells, 1],
                         Automatic, False]["NonzeroPositions"][[All, 2]]]]]],
                         pts, maxit, 
                         SameTest -> (Max[MapThread[EuclideanDistance,
                                                    {#1, #2}]] < tol &)]];

MapThread[Show, {VoronoiMesh /@ Rest[pl], 
                 MapThread[Graphics[{AbsolutePointSize[3], Line[{##}],
                                    {Black, Point[#1]}, {Red, Point[#2]}}] &,
                           #] & /@ Partition[pl, 2, 1]}] // ListAnimate

Note: I elected not to use PropertyValue[{(* mesh *), 2}, MeshCellCentroid], since the centroids are not returned in the same order as the points that generated their corresponding cells, thus necessitating a complicated termination criterion.

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In this answer, ilian shows an undocumented function that can be used to simplify the implementation of Lloyd's algorithm. Here's how it goes:

pl = With[{maxit = 50, (* maximum iterations *)
           tol = 0.005 (* distance tolerance *)}, 
          FixedPointList[Function[pts, Block[{cells, ci, vm},
                         vm = VoronoiMesh[pts, {{-1, 1}, {-1, 1}}];
                         cells = MeshPrimitives[vm, "Faces"]; 
                         ci = Region`Mesh`MeshMemberCellIndex[vm];
                         RegionCentroid /@ cells[[ci[pts][[All, -1]]]]]], pts, maxit, 
                         SameTest -> (Max[MapThread[EuclideanDistance,
                                                    {#1, #2}]] < tol &)]];

To address the update to the question, you can use the second argument of VoronoiMesh to set a rectangular boundary which will let the algorithm converge to a uniform spacing. It looks like the linked animation is also inserting additional points at the centre, or perhaps it starts with a high density of points near the centre of the mesh. Here is something similar - I keep inserting a point at {0,0} until there are 200 points:

vmesh = VoronoiMesh[RandomReal[{-1, 1}, {20, 2}]];
Dynamic[
 pts = PropertyValue[{vmesh, 2}, MeshCellCentroid];
 If[Length@pts < 200, AppendTo[pts, {0, 0}]];
 vmesh = VoronoiMesh[pts, {{-1, 1}, {-1, 1}}]]

The following imperfect code is what I play with. Given an input set of points p, run VoronoiMesh iter times, each time replacing the points with the centroids of the cells.

VoronoiAdaptive[p_, iter_] :=
   Block[{points = p, vmesh, coord, poly, centroids, 
          error = ConstantArray[0, iter]},
         vmesh = VoronoiMesh[points];
         coord = MeshCoordinates[vmesh];
         poly = MeshCells[vmesh, 2];
         centroids = Map[Mean[coord[[#[[1]]]]] &, poly];
         Do[
            points = centroids;
            vmesh = VoronoiMesh[points];
            coord = MeshCoordinates[vmesh];
            poly = MeshCells[vmesh, 2];
            centroids = Map[Mean[coord[[#[[1]]]]] &, poly];
            error[[i]] = Mean[Abs[Flatten[points - centroids]]],
            {i, 1, iter}];
         Print[error];
         {coord, poly}
   ]

Here is a plot of the original mesh for 200 random points. Cells with vertices outside an arbitrary radius of 1.5 are removed.

Block[{p, coord, poly, iter = 0},
   SeedRandom[1729];
   p = RandomReal[{-1, 1}, {20, 2}];
   {coord, poly} = VoronoiAdaptive[p, iter];
   poly = DeleteCases[poly, _?(Max[Map[Norm, coord[[#[[1]]]]]] > 1.5 &)];
   Graphics[{PointSize[0.02],
      EdgeForm[{Thickness[0.001], White}],
      GraphicsComplex[coord, poly],
      Red, Point[p],
      Frame -> True, Background -> Black]
]

Setting iter=10 gives the following.