List partition labels from the command line

with lsblk

For instance, the command

sudo lsblk -o name,mountpoint,label,size,uuid

outputs:

NAME                           MOUNTPOINT     LABEL         SIZE UUID
sda                                                         1.4T
├─sda1                         /boot          boot          953M f557b9f0-edb5-42bb-94d8-27bc03c3c2c7
├─sda2                                                     46.6G 727fa348-8804-4773-ae3d-f3e176d12dac
│ └─sda2_crypt (dm-0)                                      46.6G P1kvJI-5iqv-s9gJ-8V2H-2EEO-q4aK-sx4aDi
│   ├─debian_crypt-swap (dm-1) [SWAP]                         2G 3f9f24d7-86d1-4e21-93e9-f3c181d05cf0
│   ├─debian_crypt-tmp (dm-2)  /tmp           tmp             5G 93fc8219-f985-45fb-bd5c-2c7940a7512d
│   ├─debian_crypt-home (dm-3) /home          home            6G 12e8566c-8f0f-45ec-8524-6d9d9ee91eae
│   └─debian_crypt-root (dm-4) /              root         33.6G 9685570b-4c9e-43ea-815e-49d10dc7a1bf
├─sda3                                                    651.9G d3e0436c-85f6-45c6-9d8f-28b79ee06102
│ └─crypt_gusto (dm-8)         /media/Gusto   Gusto       651.9G 0c084508-cb8b-4b61-832d-6b85273f33c4
├─sda4                                                        1K
├─sda5                                                      298G 5063da5f-9b68-43de-914c-32b89622bcc8
│ └─crypt_kabi (dm-7)          /media/Kabi    Kabi          298G e6a0b66c-8fe9-4e7b-9d54-7b2b430e109d
├─sda6                                                    213.6G 5129d860-bb41-4393-b4b1-f8af53d9155d
│ └─crypt_zami (dm-6)          /media/Zami    Zami        213.6G 19101155-6070-4f37-b39d-19f28867c66b
├─sda7                         /media/Server  Server       85.6G a9f4dae5-901c-4f49-bb30-592de3000713
└─sda8                                                    100.6G dc7f4586-a33d-4707-98e9-8b55c559b0d2
  └─crypt_grafi (dm-5)         /media/Grafi   Grafi       100.6G 5e3242e1-ec7a-4806-92f7-88a126feea94
sdb                                                        14.5G
├─sdb1                                        DEBIAN_LIVE     3G 6bf4d915-2b62-444e-a2c8-16307769b5c2
├─sdb2                                                        2G 90ec6f73-8fdb-4c8d-aebd-cadd0f51b412
│ └─crypt_sdb2 (dm-10)         /mnt           data            2G 91e779dd-0a3f-40b2-8ad0-257d860541a6
└─sdb3                                        linux         9.5G 14a783a4-96dd-4a85-8de7-6e8eea230594
loop0                                                      1000M a3be80bf-0f2c-44ed-8de5-d60e3b19c01a
└─crypt_dropbox (dm-9)         /media/Dropbox Dropbox       998M 8461e2cf-ae17-449b-8ee5-29cc88688b8b
zram0                          [SWAP]                       250M f8254ae5-5ae6-4fda-b8ef-83f25c405894
zram1                          [SWAP]                       250M 7e7ed90d-731c-422a-bf9b-828f09b80502

You can specify plenty of columns in whatever order you like:

Available columns:
       NAME  device name
      KNAME  internal kernel device name
    MAJ:MIN  major:minor device number
     FSTYPE  filesystem type
 MOUNTPOINT  where the device is mounted
      LABEL  filesystem LABEL
       UUID  filesystem UUID
         RO  read-only device
         RM  removable device
      MODEL  device identifier
       SIZE  size of the device
      STATE  state of the device
      OWNER  user name
      GROUP  group name
       MODE  device node permissions
  ALIGNMENT  alignment offset
     MIN-IO  minimum I/O size
     OPT-IO  optimal I/O size
    PHY-SEC  physical sector size
    LOG-SEC  logical sector size
       ROTA  rotational device
      SCHED  I/O scheduler name
    RQ-SIZE  request queue size
       TYPE  device type
   DISC-ALN  discard alignment offset
  DISC-GRAN  discard granularity
   DISC-MAX  discard max bytes
  DISC-ZERO  discard zeroes data

With udev, You can use

ls -l /dev/disk/by-label

to show the symlinks by label to at least some partition device nodes.

Not sure what the logic of inclusion is, possibly the existence of a label.

There is a blkid command which may be what you are looking for. Results are similar to the following:

$ sudo blkid /dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var
/dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var: LABEL="LV_VAR" UUID="08520908-03cd-4e42-a4e4-0f5a771be16c" TYPE="ext4"

One other option is to use the udevadm command, which likely will give you far more than you need:

$ sudo udevadm info --query=all --name=/dev/mapper/vg_rootdisk-lv_var