Linux switch user and execute command immediately

Try.

sudo -H -u TARGET_USER bash -c 'bash /usr/local/hadoop/sbin/start-dfs.sh' 

see man sudo:

-H

The -H (HOME) option requests that the security policy set the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the target user (root by default) as specified by the password database. Depending on the policy, this may be the default behavior.

-u user

The -u (user) option causes sudo to run the specified command as a user other than root. To specify a uid instead of a user name, use #uid. When running commands as a uid, many shells require that the '#' be escaped with a backslash ('\'). Security policies may restrict uids to those listed in the password database. The sudoers policy allows uids that are not in the password database as long as the targetpw option is not set. Other security policies may not support this.

With su user -c "sh /path/command.sh" you can run a command as user.

I tested with this command:

 echo myPassword | sudo -S su - foobar -c "/usr/bin/watch -n 1 cat /etc/resolv.conf"

After that the watch -n was running as foobar.

So I think your command should work like that:

echo myPassword | sudo -S su - hduser -c "bash /usr/local/hadoop/sbin/start-dfs.sh"

Here a shorter version of αғsнιη's answer:

sudo -Hu user command
# example: sudo -Hu root fish