Kind of submultiplicativity of the Frobenius norm: $\|AB\|_F \leq \|A\|_2\|B\|_F$?

This inequality is true. But let me first make a comment. When you say that any matrix norm is submultiplicative ($\|XY\|\le\|X\|\cdot\|Y\|$), you understate that a matrix norm over $M_n(\mathbb C)$ is subordinated to a norm of $\mathbb C^n$: $$\|A\|:=\sup_{x\ne0}\frac{\|Ax\|}{\|x\|}.$$ But the Frobenius norm is not subordinated, for instance because $\|I_n\|_F=\sqrt{n}$, whereas $\|I_n\|=1$ for any matrix norm. The reason for which the Frobenius norm is submultiplicative is therefore specific; it is more or less a consequence of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.

Now, back to your question. Both norms are unitarily invariant, in the sense that $\|UAV\|=\|A\|$ whenever $U$ and $V$ are unitary matrices. Therefore we may assume that $A$ is diagonal, with diagonal entries $a_1,\ldots,a_n$. Now, we have $\|A\|_2=\max_i|a_i|$ and therefore $$\|AB\|_F^2 = \sum |a_i b_{ij}|^2\le \|A\|_2^2 \sum |b_{ij}|^2 =\|A\|_2^2\|B\|_F^2.$$

A simpler, more direct proof that requires no SVD: let $Y_j$ be the $j$th column of $Y$ and $Z_j$ that of $Z=XY$. Then, $$\|Z\|_F^2 = \sum_j \|Z_j\|_2^2 = \sum_j \|XY_j\|_2^2 \leq \sum_j \|X\|_2^2\|Y_j\|_2^2 = \|X\|_2^2\|Y\|_F^2.$$