Is there something like `time` that also records I/O and CPU?

look at the time man page on your system, some implementations have format options to include I/O, CPU and Memory stats (-f).

For instance, GNU time, with -v will show all available info (here on Linux):

/usr/bin/time -v ls

Command being timed: "ls"
User time (seconds): 0.00
System time (seconds): 0.00
Percent of CPU this job got: 0%
Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:00.00
Average shared text size (kbytes): 0
Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0
Average stack size (kbytes): 0
Average total size (kbytes): 0
Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 3664
Average resident set size (kbytes): 0
Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 0
Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 273
Voluntary context switches: 2
Involuntary context switches: 2
Swaps: 0
File system inputs: 0
File system outputs: 0
Socket messages sent: 0
Socket messages received: 0
Signals delivered: 0
Page size (bytes): 4096
Exit status: 0

On BSDs, use -l instead.

Note that this is the actual /usr/bin/time program, not the keyword that some shells like bash provide which you invoke with time pipeline.

The command strace can be useful, you can limit the trace to only count -c or a subset of system calls,

-e trace=set
      Trace  only  the  specified set of system calls.  The -c option is
      useful for determining which  system  calls  might  be  useful  to
      trace.   For  example,  trace=open,close,read,write  means to only
      trace those four system calls.  Be careful when making  inferences
      about  the  user/kernel  boundary if only a subset of system calls
      are being monitored.  The default is trace=all.

In this answer, I use it to count the number of system calls. I don't know if anything will give you a summary breakdown of throughput, however strace can produce the figures for something like awk to summarise.