Is it possible to subdivide scale bar segments in QGIS?

There's a few steps involved:


  1. Create your first scalebar showing kilometers and set the relevant options:

    First scalebar


  1. Select the first scalebar and copy/paste it below the original and set the relevant options:

    Second scalebar


  1. For the copied scalebar, set its Font colour to have an opacity of 0%:

    Item Properties > Fonts and colours > Font colour
    

    Set opacity


  1. Move the copied scalebar and align it to match the original scalebar. Select both these scalebars and group them:

    Group items


  1. You should hopefully have a scalebar with subdivided segments:

    Result


The feature is available in the current QGIS Master 3.13 and in the forthcoming release of QGIS 3.14:

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See https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/pull/36131 and https://github.com/qgis/QGIS/pull/36222