Is it possible to list all files which have local changes in IntelliJ IDEA (outside of "Changes" view)

2020.1 and later versions have an option to use the new non-modal Commit tool-window:

non-modal

If you enable this option, the local changes will be in the Commit tool window.

Previous IDE versions have the following ways to view modified files:

Local changes tab (View | Tool Windows | Version Control - Local Changes), default shortcut is Alt+9.
Changed files Scope in the Project view

Previously the only way to view the changed files was via the Commit dialog:

Version Control | Commit Changes will show a dialog with locally changed files.

You can go on the Project Pane, and find the option

 View as > Scope > Changed Files

It will show a tree with only the modified files.

Pressing Alt+9 (in MacOS X Cmd+9) you can get a panel with the changed files

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