Is a topological fiber-bundle, whose total space admits a retraction onto a fiber, trivial?

The statement is not true. Let $\pi:V\to M$ be a vector bundle over a manifold which is non-trivial as a fiber bundle. Let $U$ be an open neighborhood of $M$ over which $V$ is trivial, fix $x\in U$, and pick a local trivialization $$ T:\pi^{-1}(U)\xrightarrow{\sim}U\times V_x. $$ Let $f:M\to\mathbb{R}$ be a continuous function with support contained in $U$ such that $f(x)=1$. Then we can build a retraction $V\to V_x$ by $$ y\mapsto \begin{cases} f(\pi(y))\cdot p_2(T(y))&:y\in\pi^{-1}(U),\\0&:\text{otherwise}. \end{cases} $$ Here $p_2$ is the projection $U\times V_x\to V_x$.

It was already pointed out that the statement is not true in the point-set sense. It is, however, true up to homotopy. This is a theorem of Dold and follows from his

• Partitions of unity in the theory of fibrations. Ann. Math. 78 (1963), 223-255.

The following formulations can be found in James "Topology of Stiefel manifolds" (with a couple of added assumptions, purely reformulation):

Theorem 4.2: Suppose that $B$ is path-connected, that we have fibrations $p:E\to B$ and $p':E'\to B$ such that $E$ and $E'$ have the homotopy type of CW-complexes. Then a fiber-preserving map $f:E\to E'$ is a fiber homotopy equivalence if it induces a homotopy equivalence on fibers.

Corollary 4.3: Suppose that $X$ is path-connected, that $p:E\to X$ is a fibration with fiber $F$ and that $E$ and $X\times F$ have the homotopy type of CW-complexes. If there exists a homotopy-retraction $E\to F$ then $E$ is trivial in the sense of fiber homotopy theory.