Interpolation of a triangle

Actually the simplest and most robust solution is based on barycentric coordinates -

http://answers.unity3d.com/questions/383804/calculate-uv-coordinates-of-3d-point-on-plane-of-m.html

You should use barycentric coordinates. There is a very thorough write-up here that also discusses alternative solutions and why barycentric coordinates are best: CodePlea - Interpolating in a Triangle

Basically, the weights will end up looking like this:

I asked this 3 years ago and have still been working on a way to do this. I do believe it is impossible to do it without artifacts unless using an equilateral triangle. Here is a decent way to do it using barycentric coordinates and then adding a technique that gets rid of most of the artifacts. v1, v2, v3 are the values at the three points of the triangle. x, y is the point you want to find a value for.

if (x > y)
        {
            b1 = -(x - 1);
            b2 = (x - 1) - (y - 1);
            b3 = 1 - b1 - b2;
        }
        else
        {
            b1 = -(y - 1);
            b2 = -((x - 1) - (y - 1));
            b3 = 1 - b1 - b2;
        }

        float
            abs = x - y;
        if (abs < 0) abs *= -1;
        if (abs < 0.25f)
        {
            abs = 0.25f - abs;
            abs *= abs;
            b1 -= abs;
            b3 -= abs;
        }

        b1 *= b1;
        b2 *= b2;
        b3 *= b3;
        float fd = 1 / (b1 + b2 + b3);
        b1 *= fd;
        b2 *= fd;
        b3 *= fd;

        return
                v1 * b1 +
                v2 * b2 +
                v3 * b3;

Ok, so we will do a linear interpolation, assuming that the gradient is constant with respect to x and to y. d/dx = v2 - v1 and d/dy = v3 - v2, and f(0,0) = v1. We have a simple two dimensional differential equation.

d{f(x,y)} = (v2 - v1)*dx
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1)*x + g(y)
d{f(x,y)} = g'(y) = (v3 - v2)*dy
g(y) = (v3 - v2)*y + C
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1)*x + (v3 - v2)*y + C
f(0,0) = v1 = (v2 - v1)*0 + (v3 - v2)*0 + C = C
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1)*x + (v3 - v2)*y + v1

or in terms of v1 v2 and v3

f(x,y) = (1 - x)*v1 + (x - y)*v2 + y*v3

If you want to do it in a square for four vertices, as above with v4 in the bottom left at x=0 y=1, here are the conditions: d/dx = (v2 - v1) (1 - y) + (v3 - v4) y, d/dy = (v3 - v2) x + (v4 - v1) (1 - x), f(0,0) = v1

d/dx = (v2 - v1) (1 - y) + (v3 - v4) y
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1) (1 - y) x + (v3 - v4) y x + g(y)
d/dy = (v3 - v2) x + (v4 - v1) (1 - x) = -(v2 - v1) x + (v3 - v4) x + g'(y)
v3 - v2 + (v4 - v1) / x + v4 - v1 = -v2 + v1 + v3 - v4 + g'(y) / x
(v4 - v1) / x + 2*(v4 - v1) = g'(y) / x
g'(y) = (v4 - v1) + 2 x (v4 - v1)
g(y) = (v4 - v1) (1 + 2 x) y + C
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1) (1 - y) x + (v3 - v4) y x + (v4 - v1) (1 + 2 x) y + C
f(0,0) = (v2 - v1) (1 - 0) 0 + (v3 - v4) 0 0 + (v4 - v1) (1 + 2 0) 0 + C = v1
f(x,y) = (v2 - v1) (1 - y) x + (v3 - v4) y x + (v4 - v1) (1 + 2 x) y + v1