Intercept input and output from specific executable

Option 1 would be to modify the source code of the calling app and insert tee into the output pipeline to get a copy of the output for review at that stage.

Option 2 would be to write a wrapper script around the executable in question. A quick script that passes on stdin and arguments to the real app, then tee's the output to a location for you to review and also spits it back out the same way the app would should be just a couple lines to whip up. Put it someplace special and make add that location to the front of your PATH variable, then run your application.

#!/bin/sh
cat - | /path/to/realapp $@ | tee /tmp/debug_output

You can obtain a lot of information about a program by calling it under strace. This shows every system call that the program makes, which can be too much information sometimes, but can be a big help to find what's going wrong.

Approach one is to run your big application under strace. This is likely to produce a lot of output and slow your application down.

strace -s9999 -efile,process -f -o bigapp.strace bigapp

If the big application is interactive, you may prefer to start it, and connect strace to it once you're ready to trigger the calculations. Note the application's process ID, say 12345, and run

strace -s9999 -efile,process -f -o bigapp-calculations.strace -p12345

If it's enough to observe that external executable, then as other answers have already suggested, replace that executable by a wrapper script. You can move the executable to a different name and put the wrapper script in its place, or put the wrapper script ahead of the usual executable in the PATH, or configure the application to call your wrapper script instead of the usual executable, whatever is convenient. Make that wrapper script

#!/bin/sh
exec strace -s9999 -efile -o auxapp-$$.strace /path/to/original/executable "$@"

Explanation of the strace parameters used:

• -e selects the system calls to trace. You can specify system calls by name or use a few categories such as file (open, close, read, write, …) and process (fork, execve, …).
• -f makes strace follows forks, i.e. trace subprocesses as well as the original process.
• -o selects the name of the file containing the trace. $$ is a shell construct that stands for the process ID of the shell process (due to the use of exec in the last wrapper script, that will also be the auxiliary application's process ID).
• -s9999 makes it display that many bytes for read and write and other calls.

Rather than changing your path, you should move the binary you are interested in from "binary" to "binary.orig" then replace it with a script. You said you are interested in the arguments, so you'll want to write those out to a file as well. You will probably also be interested in the output of the command "env". It dumps all the environment variables currently active. Environment variables are often used by one program to influence the behavior of another program that it calls.