In Docker image names what is the difference between Alpine, Jessie, Stretch, and Buster?

In docker-Context here are the important informations you need.

1. Alpine
   Url: https://alpinelinux.org/
   Shorty: Its very small.
   Packagemanger: apk
   Shells: /bin/sh
   Size: Few MBs - current tag needs 2.7MB

2. Jessie aka Debian 8
   Url: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianJessie
   Shorty: All what you need, but LTS is running out. Click me for details
   Packagemanager: apt
   Shells: /bin/bash and many more
   Size: Round about 50MB

3. Stretch aka Debian 9
   Url: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianStretch
   Shorty: All what you need
   Packagemanager: apt
   Shells: /bin/bash, many more
   Size: Round about 40MB

4. Buster aka Debian 10
   Url: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
   Shorty: All what you need, but newer
   Packagemanager: apt
   Shells: /bin/bash and many more
   Size: Round about 50MB

5. Ubuntu based on debain
   Url: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster
   Shorty: All what you need - and some more
   Packagemanager: apt
   Shells: /bin/bash and more
   Size: Round about 25MB

Those are the names of the OS in the container in which Node will be running.

Alpine is for Alpine Linux, Jessie and Stretch are versions of Debian. If you scroll down on the documentation link you provided, you'll find a section describing what Alpine is and why you might want to use it.