How to tell which key called a function in javascript

It is possible

function tellYourAge() {
   return function()
   {
       var f = arguments.callee;
       var key = Object.keys(this).filter(key => this[key] === f)[0];
       console.log(key);
   }
}

{
   let Population = {
     Mahdi: tellYourAge(),
     Samuel: tellYourAge(),
     Jon: tellYourAge()
   };

   Population.Mahdi(); // prints Mahdi
   Population.Samuel(); // prints Samuel
   Population.Jon(); // prints Jon
}

Explanation: arguments.callee is reference to the function to which the arguments object belongs. And this is basically "a thing before the dot" at the moment of function invocation, therefore your Population object. Now what you do is lookup the called function instance in the object and you are done.

function tellYourAge() {
   return function()
   {
      var s = new Error().stack;
      if(s.includes('Mahdi')){
        console.log('Age is 18');
      }

      else if(s.includes('Samuel')){
        console.log('Age is 20');
      }

      else if(s.includes('Jon')){
        console.log('Age is 21');
      } 
   }
}

{
   let Population = {
     Mahdi: tellYourAge(),
     Samuel: tellYourAge(),
     Jon: tellYourAge()
   };

   Population.Mahdi(); // It should log 18
   Population.Samuel(); // It should log 20
   Population.Jon(); // It should log 21
}

Output:
Age is 18
Age is 20
Age is 21

FYI, new Error().stack will give you stacktrace like below,

Error
    at Object.Samuel (<anonymous>:4:20)
    at <anonymous>:1:19