How to read and write x86 flags registers directly?
You can use the pushf and popf instructions which will push the flags onto the stack, you can modify them, and then pop them back off.
Some flags can be set or cleared directly with specific instructions:
- CLC, STC, and CMC: clear, set, and complement the carry flag
- CLI and STI: clear and set the interrupt flag (which should be done atomically)
- CLD and STD: clear and set the direction flag
For reading and writing the sign, zero, auxiliary carry, parity, and carry flags, you can use LAHF to load the lower 8 bits (those 5 flags plus 3 indeterminate bits) into the AH register, and you can use SAHF to store those values from AH back into the flags register.
You can also use the PUSHF instruction to push the flags onto the stack, read and modify them on the stack, and then use the POPF1 instruction to store them back into the flags register.
Note that you cannot set the VM and RF flags with POPF -- they retain their previous values. Similarly, you can only change the I/O privilege level when executing at privilege level 0, and the interrupt flag can only be changed when executing at a privilege level at least as privileged as the I/O privilege level.
Footnote 1:
Note that popf is quite slow on modern CPUs; see Agner Fog's optimization guide and instruction tables. It's microcoded because in kernel mode it's able to change IF and AC, and IO privilege level. We suffer the penalty regardless of mode on current CPUs because the decoders aren't mode-sensitive.
If possible, use lahf/sahf instead of pushf/popf for performance, or save a single flag you care about like setc al then later add al, 255 to set CF = (AL!=0). Or setnc al / sub al, 1 or whatever. Sequences to set or clear SF or OF based on a 0 or 1 register are also straightforward, with/without inverting the flag.
If you need only the lower byte of the flags register (which contains SF,ZF,AF,PF,CF), then there is the odd but convenient instruction LAHF (ha ha), which loads the bottom 8 bits of the flags register into AH, and its counterpart SAHF to store AH into flags.
For the carry flag specifically, x86 offers CLC, STC and CMC, to clear, set, and complement the carry flag, respectively.