How to programmatically get the number of fields of a struct?

It's possible when the struct itself is generated by the macros - in this case you can just count tokens passed into macros, as shown here. That's what I've come up with:

macro_rules! gen {
    ($name:ident {$($field:ident : $t:ty),+}) => {
        struct $name { $($field: $t),+ }
        impl $name {
            fn field_count(&self) -> usize {
                gen!(@count $($field),+)
            }
        }
    };
    (@count $t1:tt, $($t:tt),+) => { 1 + gen!(@count $($t),+) };
    (@count $t:tt) => { 1 };
}

Playground (with some test cases)

The downside for this approach (one - there could be more) is that it's not trivial to add an attribute to this function - for example, to #[derive(...)] something on it. Another approach would be to write the custom derive macros, but this is something that I can't speak about for now.

Are there any possible API like field_count() or is it only possible to get that via macros?

There is no such built-in API that would allow you to get this information at runtime. Rust does not have runtime reflection (see this question for more information). But it is indeed possible via proc-macros!

Note: proc-macros are different from "macro by example" (which is declared via macro_rules!). The latter is not as powerful as proc-macros.

If this is achievable with macros, how should it be implemented?

(This is not an introduction into proc-macros; if the topic is completely new to you, first read an introduction elsewhere.)

In the proc-macro (for example a custom derive), you would somehow need to get the struct definition as TokenStream. The de-facto solution to use a TokenStream with Rust syntax is to parse it via syn:

#[proc_macro_derive(FieldCount)]
pub fn derive_field_count(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemStruct);

    // ...
}

The type of input is ItemStruct. As you can see, it has the field fields of the type Fields. On that field you can call iter() to get an iterator over all fields of the struct, on which in turn you could call count():

let field_count = input.fields.iter().count();

Now you have what you want.

Maybe you want to add this field_count() method to your type. You can do that via the custom derive (by using the quote crate here):

let name = &input.ident;

let output = quote! {
    impl #name {
        pub fn field_count() -> usize {
            #field_count
        }
    }
};

// Return output tokenstream
TokenStream::from(output)

Then, in your application, you can write:

#[derive(FieldCount)]
struct MyStruct {
    first_field: i32,
    second_field: String,
    third_field: u16,
}

MyStruct::field_count(); // returns 3