How to partially reload a ui:repeat?

There's nothing like that in the standard JSF API. Also nothing comes to mind in PrimeFaces. For PrimeFaces see the update at the end

The OmniFaces <o:componentIdParam> may however be exactly what you're looking for. It allows you to let JSF render only a subset of the component tree based on a specific request parameter, which can be a component ID or a client ID. You could basically just use jQuery's $.get() to reload the <ui:repeat> along with the start index as a request parameter and use jQuery's $.append() to append it to the HTML DOM.

Here's a complete kickoff example. The view:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
    xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
    xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
    xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
    xmlns:o="http://omnifaces.org/ui"
>
    <f:metadata>
        <o:componentIdParam componentIdName="componentId" />
    </f:metadata>
    <h:head>
        <title>Stack Overflow Question 11364006</title>
        <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.min.js"></script> <!-- Substitute with PrimeFaces' one, if necessary. -->
    </h:head>
    <h:body>
        <ul id="items">
            <ui:repeat id="itemsRepeater" value="#{bean.items}" var="item">
                <li>#{item}</li>
            </ui:repeat>
        </ul>
        <input type="button" id="showMore" value="Show more"/>
        <h:outputScript>
            $("#showMore").click(function() {
                $items = $("#items");
                var params = { start: $items.find("li").length, componentId: "itemsRepeater" };
                $.get(location, params, function(html) {
                    $items.append(html);
                });
            });
        </h:outputScript>   
    </h:body>
</html>

The backing bean:

@ManagedBean
@RequestScoped
public class Bean {

    private List<String> items;

    @ManagedProperty("#{param.start}")
    private int start;

    @PostConstruct
    public void init() {
        // Just a stub. Do your thing to fill the items.
        items = new ArrayList<String>();
        int size = start + 10;

        for (int i = start; i < size; i++) {
            items.add("item " + (i + 1));
        }
    }

    public void setStart(int start) {
        this.start = start;
    }

    public List<String> getItems() {
        return items;
    }

}

Update: a live demo can be found in the "Expandable list" example of the <o:componentIdParam> page of current showcase application.

Update 2): PrimeFaces p:datascroller has lazyloading with 'on demand scrolling'