How to obtain inverse behavior for `tail` and `head`?

You can use this to strip the first two lines:

tail -n +3 foo.txt

and this to strip the last two lines:

head -n -2 foo.txt

(assuming the file ends with \n for the latter)

---

Just like for the standard usage of tail and head these operations are not destructive. Use >out.txt if you want to redirect the output to some new file:

tail -n +3 foo.txt >out.txt

In the case out.txt already exists, it will overwrite this file. Use >>out.txt instead of >out.txt if you'd rather have the output appended to out.txt.

If you want all but the first N-1 lines, call tail with the number of lines +N. (The number is the number of the first line you want to retain, starting at 1, i.e. +1 means start at the top, +2 means skip one line and so on).

tail -n +3 foo.txt >>other-document

There's no easy, portable way to skip the last N lines. GNU head allows head -n +N as a counterpart of tail -n +N. Otherwise, if you have tac (e.g. GNU or Busybox), you can combine it with tail:

tac | tail -n +3 | tac

Portably, you can use an awk filter (untested):

awk -vskip=2 '{
    lines[NR] = $0;
    if (NR > skip) print lines[NR-skip];
    delete lines[NR-skip];
}'

If you want to remove the last few lines from a large file, you can determine the byte offset of the piece to truncate then perform the truncation with dd.

total=$(wc -c < /file/to/truncate)
chop=$(tail -n 42 /file/to/truncate | wc -c)
dd if=/dev/null of=/file/to/truncate seek=1 bs="$((total-chop))"

You can't truncate a file in place at the beginning, though if you need to remove the first few lines of a huge file, you can move the contents around.

From the tail man page (GNU tail, that is):

-n, --lines=K
   output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to
   output lines starting with the Kth

Thus, the following should append all but the first 2 lines of somefile.txt to anotherfile.txt:

tail --lines=+3 somefile.txt >> anotherfile.txt