How to fix "unexpected element <queries> found in <manifest>" error?

The Android Gradle Plugin needs to know about new manifest elements, particularly for the manifest merger process. The plugin has a tendency to get confused if it sees elements in the manifest merger that it does not recognize, tossing out build errors like the one in the question.

In this case, Android 11 introduced <queries> as a manifest element, and older versions of the Android Gradle Plugin do not know about that element.

The fact that this occurs from manifest merger means that simply upgrading a dependency might bring about this error. For example, if you upgrade to the latest version of com.awesome:awesome-library, and it contained a <queries> element in its manifest, you might crash with the aforementioned error in your builds, even without any other changes in your code.

Google released a series of patch versions of the Android Gradle Plugin to address this:

• 3.3.3
• 3.4.3
• 3.5.4
• 3.6.4
• 4.0.1

If you are using an existing plugin in the 3.3.* through 4.0.* series, upgrade to the associated patch version (or higher) from that list, and you should no longer run into that error (e.g., classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:4.0.1').

If you are using Android Studio 4.1 or higher, with a matching Android Gradle Plugin (e.g., in the 4.1.* series), you should be fine without any changes. Those plugin versions were already aware of <queries>.

See this Android Developers Blog post for more.

I had this issue in flutter but i believe this solution will work for both flutter and native android dev.

Follow these steps

1. Read this short blog to get some understanding: click here

2. Delete the .gradle folder inside the android folder ie android>.gradle

3. In the project build.gradle file, upgrade ur class path appropriately based on the blog in the link above, e.g i upgraded to classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:4.0.1'

4. Upgrade the distribution url too. Its in android>gradle>gradle-wrapper.properties file appropriately. e.g i upgraded it to distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-6.1.1-all.zip

5. You can invalidate caches and restart your android studio. Make sure you have a good internet connection because it will download the new gradle files.

Thanks.

For Flutter

To understanding why this happens see the above @CommonsWare's answer

This is because <queries> tag was introduced with new package visibility options for Android 11 and upwards (SDK 30+). Because of that, you need to update your build.gradle with a version that includes this changes. Below is a list of supported gradle options.

The best solution to deal with these errors is to Upgrade your Android Gradle plugin and Update Gradle

You’ll have to update your Gradle version to one of the compatible versions that have the latest query tags (which were introduced with Android 11).

To Update the Android Gradle plugin

Specify the plugin version in the YourAppDirectory/android/build.gradle file. The plugin version applies to all modules built-in that Android Studio project. The following example sets the plugin to version 4.0.1:

buildscript {
    repositories {
        // Gradle 4.1 and higher include support for Google's Maven repo using
        // the google() method. And you need to include this repo to download
        // Android Gradle plugin 3.0.0 or higher.
        google()
        ...
    }
    dependencies {
        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:4.0.1’
    }

To Update Gradle

Specify the Gradle version by editing the Gradle distribution reference in the YourAppDirectory/android/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties file.

Don't forget to update your ditributionUrl in your gradle-wrapper.properties as well. For example, for gradle 4.0.1, you should have:

...
distributionUrl = https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-6.1.1-all.zip
...

We know that not everyone is ready to upgrade to the latest version, though, and you may be relying on old versions of Gradle or libraries that aren’t compatible with 4.1.