How to filter keys of an object with lodash?

Lodash has a _.pickBy function which does exactly what you're looking for.

var thing = {
  "a": 123,
  "b": 456,
  "abc": 6789
};

var result = _.pickBy(thing, function(value, key) {
  return _.startsWith(key, "a");
});

console.log(result.abc) // 6789
console.log(result.b)   // undefined
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/lodash/4.16.4/lodash.min.js"></script>

Just change filter to omitBy

const data = { aaa: 111, abb: 222, bbb: 333 };
const result = _.omitBy(data, (value, key) => !key.startsWith("a"));
console.log(result);
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/4.17.15/lodash.min.js"></script>