Global conformal group in 2D Euclidean space
This is e.g. explained in Ref. 1:
The conformal compactifications of the $1\!+\!1D$ Minkowski (M) plane and the $2\!+\!0D$ Euclidean (E) plane are$^1$ $$ \overline{\mathbb{R}^{1,1}}~\cong~\mathbb{S}^1\times \mathbb{S}^1 \tag{1M}$$ and $$ \overline{\mathbb{R}^{2,0}}~\cong~\mathbb{S}^2, \tag{1E}$$ respectively.
The (global) conformal groups are $${\rm Conf}(1,1)~\cong~O(2,2;\mathbb{R})/\{\pm {\bf 1}_{4\times 4}\}\tag{2M}$$ and $$ {\rm Conf}(2,0)~\cong~O(3,1;\mathbb{R})/\{\pm {\bf 1}_{4\times 4}\}, \tag{2E}$$ with 4 and 2 connected components, respectively.
The corresponding connected components connected to the identity are $$\begin{align}{\rm Conf}_0(1,1)~\cong~&SO^+(2,2;\mathbb{R})/\{\pm {\bf 1}_{4\times 4}\}\cr ~\cong~& PSL(2,\mathbb{R})\times PSL(2,\mathbb{R}) \end{align}\tag{3M}$$ and $$\begin{align} {\rm Conf}_0(2,0)~\cong~&SO^+(3,1;\mathbb{R})\cr ~\cong~& PSL(2,\mathbb{C}), \end{align}\tag{3E}$$ respectively. Here $PSL(2,\mathbb{F})\equiv SL(2,\mathbb{F})/\{\pm {\bf 1}_{2\times 2}\}$. See also this related Phys.SE post.
References:
- M. Schottenloher, Math Intro to CFT, Lecture Notes in Physics 759, 2008; Subsections 1.4.2-3, Sections 2.3-5, 5.1-2.
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$^1$ In more detail the conformal compactification of the $1\!+\!1D$ Minkowski plane is $$ \begin{align}&\overline{\mathbb{R}^{1,1}}\cr &\cong(\mathbb{S}^1\times \mathbb{S}^1)/\mathbb{Z}_2 \cr &\cong\left\{(x^0,x^1)\in\mathbb{R}^2 \mid (x^0,x^1)\sim(x^0\!+\!2,x^1)\sim(x^0,x^1\!+\!2)\sim(x^0\!+\!1,x^1\!+\!1)\right\}\cr &\stackrel{x^{\pm}=\frac{1}{2}(x^0\pm x^1)}{\cong}\left\{(x^+,x^-)\in\mathbb{R}^2 \mid (x^+,x^-)\sim(x^+\!+\!1,x^-)\sim(x^+,x^-\!+\!1)\right\}\cr &\cong\mathbb{S}^1\times \mathbb{S}^1 ,\end{align}\tag{4M}$$ with Minkowski metric $$\begin{align}\mathbb{g}~~~~~=~~~~~&\mathrm{d}x^0\odot\mathrm{d}x^0-\mathrm{d}x^1\odot\mathrm{d}x^1 \cr~\stackrel{x^{\pm}=\frac{1}{2}(x^0\pm x^1)}{=}&~4\mathrm{d}x^+\odot\mathrm{d}x^- \end{align}.\tag{5M}$$