Git configuration user.name doesn't work

You're not using the correct syntax: there shouldn't be any equal sign between user.name and "My name", or between user.email and "[email protected]". For instance, when you run

git config --global user.name = "My Name"

the command interprets the = character as the string value passed to the user.name key, and the rest of the line ("My Name") is silently ignored. That's why your .gitconfig file ends up containing

[user]
    name = =
    email = =

Everything should work if you use the correct syntax:

See also VonC's answer about relevant changes in Git 2.13.

There is no "=" for the parameters user.name and user.email, just use spaces. From the same page -

The first thing you should do when you install Git is to set your user name and e-mail address. This is important because every Git commit uses this information, and it’s immutably baked into the commits you pass around:

• $ git config --global user.name "John Doe"
• $ git config --global user.email [email protected]

Note: that kind of syntax error (git config --global user.email = "[email protected]") will be better reported by Git 2.13+ (Q2 2017)

See commit 9442555, commit 13b9a24, commit 862e80a, commit afb6c30 (23 Feb 2017) by Jeff King (peff).
^{(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 066c38c, 10 Mar 2017)}

user.email that consists of only cruft chars should consistently error out, but didn't.

That means this will now fail:

GIT_AUTHOR_NAME=" .;<>" git commit --allow-empty -m foo
fatal: name consists only of disallowed characters: .;<>

GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="" GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="" git commit --allow-empty -m foo 
fatal: no email was given and auto-detection is disabled